Abstract
<i>Diabetes mellitus</i> (DM) is a metabolic disorder of protein, carbohydrate and fat. Insulin secretion, insulin action, or both cause to diabetes mellitus. According to the World Health Organization, the number of diabetic patients in the world is around 200 million and it is stated that this number will reach 300 million in 2025. Parasitic diseases are widespread all over the world and are a major public health problem, especially in underdeveloped or developing countries. It ranks first among the diseases that should be controlled by the World Health Organization. Among the factors causing parasitic diseases include protozoa, helminths and arthropods. In certain geographical areas where parasitic infections are common, many autoimmune diseases such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), type1diabetes (T1DM), multiple sclerosis (MS), and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are reported to have a lower incidence. The relationship between helminth infections on the onset and development of T1DM, one of the multigenetic diseases affected by environmental factors, is remarkable. It is not clear how helminth infections prevent T1DM development. In diabetic patients, it is known that there is a decrease in immune system functions, especially cellular immunity, and in these patients CD8 and CD16 values for suppressor T cells and NK cells are decreased compared to normal individuals. Therefore, it does not prevent the development of diabetes and can be seen more in patients with diabetes. Raman Spectroscopy (RS) is a vibrational technique due to inelastic scattering that occurs during the interaction of monochromatic laser beams with molecules. It is preferred in biomedical examinations because RS does not damage the sample and can be obtained quickly by non-invasive method. DM and different parasitic diseases can be determined by analyzing the spectra obtained in RS examinations. The obtained Raman spectra of different molecular systems are different and each system has its own fingerprint.
Highlights
Diabetes MellitusDiabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder of protein, carbohydrate and fat. Insulin secretion, insulin action, or both cause to diabetes mellitus [1]
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes
In the present study, when the Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level was examined, they found that the mean blood glucose level was very high and there was a positive correlation between the D. folliculorum HbA1c levels [50]
Summary
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder of protein, carbohydrate and fat. Insulin secretion, insulin action, or both cause to diabetes mellitus [1]. Type 2 DM (non-insulin dependent DM) is the most common form of diabetes Type 2 DM is a decrease in insulin effect due to impaired insulin secretion due to beta cell insufficiency and insulin resistance in target tissues. It is usually seen in adults, obese and inactive individuals, but can occur at any age. In the diabetes screening performed by the Turkish Diabetes Epidemiology Working Group (TURDEP) has been concluded that the prevalence was 7.2% in adults and 6.7% in impaired glucose tolerance Both disorders are reported to be higher in females than in males and in urban residents more than to living in rural areas [8]. These molecules are tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), membrane glycoprotein plasma cell antigen-1 (PC-1) and leptin [11]
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