Abstract
Based on ten-year tropical cyclones (TCs) observations from 2009 to 2018, the black body temperature (TBB, also called cloud-top brightness temperature) data obtained from the infrared channel 1 (with the wavelength of 10.30–11.30 µm) of the FY-2 satellite image, and the wind observation data at the automatic weather stations (AWSs) in Guangdong province, this study explores the relationship between the TBBs and the winds induced by TCs at AWSs. It is found that the wind speeds at AWSs cannot be obtained directly by using TBB value inversion, but the maximum potential wind gust (MPG) and the maximum potential average-wind (MPAW) at AWSs can be estimated when a TBB is known. Influenced by the terrain, the surrounding environment, and detected height, the MPG and the MPAW values of different AWSs may differ for the same TBB. The wind data from ERA5 reanalysis is also used to explore the relationship between the TBBs and the winds over grids area during the TCs’ periods. Similar to the AWSs, there is a capping function between the winds over the grids and the TBBs. The reanalysis data can generally show the average wind conditions of the weather stations inside the grids, and therefore, can be used to supplement the data for the areas where there is no AWS observation available. Such a study could provide references for estimating the potential wind disasters induced by TCs in the study area.
Highlights
China is a country suffering heavily from tropical cyclones (TCs)
During the Hato landfall period, average wind speeds of grade 11–14 appeared in coastal areas of the Pearl River Delta, with gusts reaching grade 16–17 in Zhuhai, Macao, Hong Kong, and the Pearl River Estuary
Based on the historical TCs, which made their first landfall in Guangdong Province from 2009 to 2018, the hourly wind observations of automatic weather stations (AWSs) in the province, and the TBBs data obtained from the infrared channel 1 of FY-2 satellite images, this study tried to explore the relationship between the near-surface wind speeds at the stations in Guangdong Province induced by landfalling TCs and the corresponding TBBs data
Summary
China is a country suffering heavily from tropical cyclones (TCs). There are about seven TCs making landfall on the southeast coast of China every year, causing more than 9000 casualties (more than 500 deaths) and economic losses accounting for about 0.4% of GDP [1]. There are few studies on extreme wind speed estimation near land surface (usually with a height of 10 m above ground) using satellite data. It is of great significance to use satellite data to estimate the extreme wind speed over the near land surface. The potential relationship between TBB data and near land surface wind speed is explored, which can be used as an paefonarrerdldwyniciewntaidaorrnldnaiiinsnnadgdssitaceunarrdtfpoarprceerovewfednTiinctCitdoiownsnpianeinndedddsimaicsnaiettdoixgrppaolrtooiforvTenidCd. TThhee rreeaall--ttiimmee TTCC ttrraacckk ddaattaa ffoorr tthheessee 2233 TTCCss aarree oobbttaaiinneedd ffrroomm CCMMAA,, iinncclluuddiinngg tthhee TTCC ttiimmee ((yyeeaarr,, mmoonntthh,, ddaayy,, aanndd hhoouurr)),, llooccaattiioonnss (longitude and latitude of TC center), TC intensity (sustained maximum wind speed near the center of a TC), and TC size (in terms of the radius of gale-force winds of 17 m/s). Fwoirndthoewseorfiessizoefn(Tac1,roTs2,s TT3,[3..7.,].TTmh),ea psrloidciensgs owfinadsoliwdinogf lweningtdhonwiisssseht oawt tnheinbFegiginunrein3g. oFfotrhtehseesreiersie. sThofe (sTli1d, iTn2g, wT3in, .d.o.w, Tthmu),s acoslrirdeisnpgonwdisndtoow(T1o, fTl2e, nTg3,th...,nTins).sTethaetntshleidbineggiwnninindgowofmthoevseesraielos.ngThtheessliedriinesgbwyisnedtotiwng tshtuesp-csoirzreess,pcoonrdresstpoo(nTd1i,nTg2,toT3a, s.u. .b-,sTenr)ie. sTohfe(nTs1+lsi,dTin2+gs, wT3i+ns,d..o.,wTnm+s)o[v3e8s].aFloinnaglltyh,ewseerciaens bgyet saeltltisnugbssteeqpu-seinzceess, aconrdregseptotnhdeinmgatxoima suumb-vsearliuees oanf d(T1s+osm, Te2p+se,rTce3+nst,il.e.s. v, Talnu+es)f[o3r8]e.aFcihnaslulyb,wseeqcuaenngcee.t all subsequences and get the maximum value and some percentiles value for each subsequence
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