Abstract
An anti-inflammatory diet has many beneficial effects on cardiometabolic diseases. Constitution type of traditional Korean medicine can predict cardiometabolic risk factors. We examined the relationship between vegetable consumption and the high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level on cardiometabolic risk factors in Korean adults by constitution types. Data from 1,983 eligible participants (mean age, 44.3 years) were included in the present cross-sectional study. The inflammatory status of the participants was categorized into low- (<3.0 mg/L) or high-risk (≥3.0 mg/L) groups based on their constitution types. Cardiometabolic risk factors (abdominal obesity, elevated triglycerides, reduced high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, elevated blood pressure, elevated fasting plasma glucose, and ≥2 concurrent cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) risk factors) and dietary assessment of the participants were assessed. A total of 11.1% of Tae-eumin (TE) and 4.9% of non-TE groups had a higher hs-CRP level (TE: 6.6 ± 0.2, non-TE: 8.4 ± 0.3) than a low hs-CRP level TE and non-TE (TE: 0.9 ± 0.1, non-TE: 0.6 ± 0.1). Vegetable consumption of <91.5 g/day was highly associated with a high-risk hs-CRP level (adjusted odds ratio (ORs): second tertile (T2): 2.290, (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.285–4.082); first tertile (T1): 2.474 (95% CI: 1.368–4.475), P=0.003) compared with that of the highest (T3) in TE. Low (T1 and T2) vegetable consumption was associated with a 54–63% increased prevalence of more than two concurrent CVDs risk factors compared with that of the highest in the TE group (P=0.012). Higher vegetable consumption greatly decreased the prevalence of CVDs risk factors by 63–86% in the low-risk and high-risk hs-CRP TE groups. Our results highlight the cardioprotective effects of higher consumption of vegetables in Korean adults with TE. Evidence-based clinical risk factor management and multifaceted approaches at the community and population levels targeting prevention in high-burden groups are recommended to reduce the premature mortality attributed to CVD.
Highlights
IntroductionE increasing prevalence of cardiometabolic-related deaths makes it the leading cause of death worldwide in individuals under 65 years of age [2]
Obesity-induced complications such as hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hypertension accelerate a lifelong risk of cardiometabolic multimorbidity [1]. e increasing prevalence of cardiometabolic-related deaths makes it the leading cause of death worldwide in individuals under 65 years of age [2].High-sensitive C-reactive protein determines the inflammatory status, and the existence of inflammation is reported to be related to several features of cardiovascular disease (CVD) [3]
Study Design and Population. e Korean Medicine Daejeon Citizen Cohort (KDCC) study [25] is the first prospective ongoing cohort study to assess the associations with lifestyle factors and chronic diseases based on the type of traditional Korean medicine
Summary
E increasing prevalence of cardiometabolic-related deaths makes it the leading cause of death worldwide in individuals under 65 years of age [2]. High-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) determines the inflammatory status, and the existence of inflammation is reported to be related to several features of cardiovascular disease (CVD) [3]. High levels of hs-CRP (>3 mg/L) cause higher relative cardiovascular risk, which is an underlying pathophysiological process in conditions with a chronic inflammatory status such as obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and CVD [4]. Independent associations have been reported between hs-CRP concentration and hypertriglyceridemia and the reduced high-density lipoproteincholesterol (HDL-c) level [5], insulin resistance [6], and cardiovascular events [7].
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