Abstract
ObjectivesHypertension is strongly related to body mass index (BMI). Obesity has been the single main contributor to hypertension. Furthermore, the clinical manifestations are normally associated with BMI in hypertensive patients. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between clinical features and BMI among hypertensive patients in both males and females.MethodologyA retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted among 296 patients having a self-reported history of hypertension and on anti-hypertensive medication. The study was conducted in the medical outpatient department of a secondary care hospital in Karachi during six months (January 2020 to June 2020). A detailed history was taken from each patient about hypertension-related symptoms, and clinical examination was performed. Blood pressure was measured using a sphygmomanometer with a stethoscope.ResultsOf the 296 patients, 156 (52.2%) were males and 140 (47.3%) were females; 16 (5.4%) of them were underweight, 91 (30.7%) were normal weight, 129 (43.6%) were overweight, and 60 (20.3%) were obese; in addition, 106 (35.8%) reported edema and 71 (24.0%) reported nausea and so on. As far as the association of clinical features and BMI was concerned, our study results showed that only edema (p=0.017) and nausea (p=0.044) were significantly associated with the BMI of the patients. Patients with edema were more likely to be obese than those without edema (29.2% vs. 15.3%), whereas patients with nausea were more likely to be overweight than those without nausea (57.7% vs. 39.1%).ConclusionsOur study showed that among the clinical features, edema and nausea were significantly associated with the BMI of the patients, whereas the relationship with others was insignificantly related to BMI of the patients in both male and female patients.
Highlights
Hypertension (HTN), known as raised or high blood pressure (HBP), is a condition in which the blood vessels have persistently elevated pressure [1]
This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between clinical features and body mass index (BMI) among hypertensive patients in both males and females
As far as the association of clinical features and BMI was concerned, our study results showed that only edema (p=0.017) and nausea (p=0.044) were significantly associated with the BMI of the patients
Summary
Hypertension (HTN), known as raised or high blood pressure (HBP), is a condition in which the blood vessels have persistently elevated pressure [1]. If HBP remains for a longer period, it becomes a key risk factor for coronary artery diseases, heart failure, stroke, chronic renal diseases, dementia, and peripheral arterial disease [2]. Around 90-95% of patients are primary, whereas other 5-10% are considered secondary HTN. Primary HTN is described as HBP because of irregular lifestyles and genetic factors [3]. The factors that increase the possibility of HTN include additional salt intake, overweight, smoking habits, junk foods, and the use of alcohol. Secondary HTN occurs through detectable cause, for instance, chronic kidney disease (CKD), narrow arteries of the kidneys, a disorder of the endocrine, or usage of birth control pills [4]
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