Abstract
The relationship between city size, coastal land use, and air temperature rise with distance from coast during summer day is analyzed using the meso-scale weather research and forecasting (WRF) model in five coastal cities in Japan with different sizes and coastal land use (Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Hiroshima, and Sendai) and inland cities in Germany (Berlin, Essen, and Karlsruhe). Air temperature increased as distance from the coast increased, reached its maximum, and then decreased slightly. In Nagoya and Sendai, the amount of urban land use in coastal areas is less than the other three cities, where air temperature is a little lower. As a result, air temperature difference between coastal and inland urban area is small and the curve of air temperature rise is smaller than those in Tokyo and Osaka. In Sendai, air temperature in the inland urban area is the same as in the other cities, but air temperature in the coastal urban area is a little lower than the other cities, due to an approximate one degree lower sea surface temperature being influenced by the latitude. In three German cities, the urban boundary layer may not develop sufficiently because the fetch distance is not enough.
Highlights
Urban heat island intensity is defined by the air temperature difference between an urban area and its surrounding suburbs
For the purpose of actual recognition of urban heat island phenomenon, as the target five coastal cities in Japan with different sizes and coastal land use (Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Hiroshima, Sendai), we have analyzed the relationship between city size, coastal land use and air temperature rise with distance from coast during summer day, while the other factors such as the climatic environment depending on the surrounding topography, the shape of the coastline, and the location would be considered
In Japanese cities, based on digital national land information and a normalized vegetation index (NVI) created from Landsat7 ETM+ data, urban areas were classified into three categories according to the previous study (Kitao et al [14]), for using the urban canopy model (Kusaka et al [13]); Urban A: high-rise and high-density, Urban B: middle-rise and moderate-density, Urban C: low-rise and low-density
Summary
Urban heat island intensity is defined by the air temperature difference between an urban area and its surrounding suburbs. Sakakibara and Kitahara [4] showed a similar relationship for cities in Nagano Prefecture, Japan; the change in slope, such as that found by Fukuoka [2] and Park [3], was not obtained In these studies, population was used to indicate the degree of urbanization. For the purpose of actual recognition of urban heat island phenomenon, as the target five coastal cities in Japan with different sizes and coastal land use (Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Hiroshima, Sendai), we have analyzed the relationship between city size, coastal land use and air temperature rise with distance from coast during summer day, while the other factors such as the climatic environment depending on the surrounding topography, the shape of the coastline, and the location would be considered. We have analyzed inland cities (Berlin, Essen, and Karlsruhe in Germany)
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