Abstract
Several studies have observed that gut microbiota can play a critical role in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) development. The gut microbiota is influenced by different environmental factors, which include diet. The aim of the present review is to summarize the information provided in the literature concerning the impact of changes in gut microbiota on the effects which dietary fat has on liver steatosis in rodent models. Most studies in which high-fat feeding has induced steatosis have reported reduced microbiota diversity, regardless of the percentage of energy provided by fat. At the phylum level, an increase in Firmicutes and a reduction in Bacteroidetes is commonly found, although widely diverging results have been described at class, order, family, and genus levels, likely due to differences in experimental design. Unfortunately, this fact makes it difficult to reach clear conclusions concerning the specific microbiota patterns associated with this feeding pattern. With regard to the relationship between high-fat feeding-induced changes in liver and microbiota composition, although several mechanisms such as alteration of gut integrity and increased permeability, inflammation, and metabolite production have been proposed, more scientific evidence is needed to address this issue and thus further studies are needed.
Highlights
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease worldwide, affecting20%–30% of the general population [1]
By using C57BL/6J mice fed a diet supplying 60% of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, it was shown that restoration of butyrate in this organ elevates the energy as fat, Porras et al [35] found that short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production in HF-fed mice was lower than in control expression of insulin receptor substrate 1 to improve hepatic insulin sensitivity and steatosis [78]
An overview of the present review shows that liver steatosis can be induced by lard, and by other saturated dietary lipid sources, or even by soybean oil
Summary
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease worldwide, affecting. This leads to the increase on gut permeability and to endotoxemia and systemic inflammation [17] It seems that diets with a high content in saturated, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fats may have different effects on microbiota [18]. The aim of the present review is to summarize the information provided in the literature concerning the impact of changes in gut microbiota on the effects of dietary fat on liver steatosis in rodent models. For this purpose, first a summary of each study, grouping them according to dietary fat source is presented. Afterwards, the mechanisms underlying the relationship between microbiota modification and diet mediated liver composition changes are explained
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