Abstract
Exposure to air pollution has been suggested to be associated with an increased risk of women’s health disorders. However, it remains unknown to what extent changes in ambient air pollution affect gynecological cancer. In our case–control study, the logistic regression model was combined with the restricted cubic spline to examine the association of short-term exposure to air pollution with gynecological cancer events using the clinical data of 35,989 women in Beijing from December 2008 to December 2017. We assessed the women’s exposure to air pollutants using the monitor located nearest to each woman’s residence and working places, adjusting for age, occupation, ambient temperature, and ambient humidity. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were examined to evaluate gynecologic cancer risk in six time windows (Phase 1–Phase 6) of women’s exposure to air pollutants (PM2.5, CO, O3, and SO2) and the highest ORs were found in Phase 4 (240 days). Then, the higher adjusted ORs were found associated with the increased concentrations of each pollutant (PM2.5, CO, O3, and SO2) in Phase 4. For instance, the adjusted OR of gynecological cancer risk for a 1.0-mg m−3 increase in CO exposures was 1.010 (95% CI: 0.881–1.139) below 0.8 mg m−3, 1.032 (95% CI: 0.871–1.194) at 0.8–1.0 mg m−3, 1.059 (95% CI: 0.973–1.145) at 1.0–1.4 mg m−3, and 1.120 (95% CI: 0.993–1.246) above 1.4 mg m−3. The ORs calculated in different air pollution levels accessed us to identify the nonlinear association between women’s exposure to air pollutants (PM2.5, CO, O3, and SO2) and the gynecological cancer risk. This study supports that the gynecologic risks associated with air pollution should be considered in improved public health preventive measures and policymaking to minimize the dangerous effects of air pollution.
Highlights
Air pollution is a serious problem in mainland China
The results showed that the differences of PM2.5, carbon monoxide (CO), O3, temperature, relative humidity, and occupation between the two groups were statistically significant (p < 0.05), indicating that these factors are associated with the risk of gynecological cancer
We quantitatively assessed the association between the air pollution exposures and gynecologic cancer risk
Summary
Air pollution is a serious problem in mainland China. Pollution is the largest environmental cause of disease and death in the world today. Besides causing respiratory diseases [2], air pollution has been suggested to be associated with skin diseases [3,4], pregnancy abortion [5], and cardiovascular disease [6,7]. Prolonged exposures to hazardous air pollutants may result in cancers [8,9,10] and chronic diseases [11,12]. Concern is growing that exposures associated with air pollution might contribute to women’s health, which is one of the most significant public health issues and a global priority
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have