Abstract
As part of the Seven Southeast Asian Studies (7SEAS) program, an Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sun photometer and a Micro-Pulse Lidar Network (MPLNET) instrument have been deployed at Singapore to study the regional aerosol environment of the Maritime Continent (MC). In addition, the Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System (NAAPS) is used to model aerosol transport over the region. From 24 September 2009 to 31 March 2011, the relationships between ground-, satellite- and model-based aerosol optical depth (AOD) and particulate matter with aerodynamic equivalent diameters less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) for air quality applications are investigated. When MPLNET-derived aerosol scale heights are applied to normalize AOD for comparison with surface PM2.5 data, the empirical relationships are shown to improve with an increased 11 %, 10 % and 5 % in explained variances, for AERONET, MODIS and NAAPS respectively. The ratios of root mean square errors to standard deviations for the relationships also show corresponding improvements of 8 %, 6 % and 2 %. Aerosol scale heights are observed to be bimodal with a mode below and another above the strongly-capped/deep near-surface layer (SCD; 0 - 1.35 km). Aerosol extinctions within SCD are well-correlated with surface PM2.5 concentrations, possibly due to strong vertical mixing in the region.
Highlights
In the form of respirable particulate matter with aerodynamic equivalent diameter of less than 10 μm (PM10) and 2.5 μm (PM2.5), atmospheric aerosol particles pose a significant public health risk
Hm derived from Micro-Pulse Lidar Network (MPLNET) Level 2.0a data are used to scale Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System (NAAPS) aerosol optical depth (AOD) to approximate a near surface extinction coefficient for comparison with ground-level PM2.5 measurements, similar to the methods described in Tsai et al (2011) and Chu et al (2013)
The modified aerosol scale height (Hm), which represents the vertical extent of aerosols (Hayasaka et al, 2007), are derived to scale columnar AOD to approximate near surface extinction for comparison with surface PM2.5 measurements
Summary
In the form of respirable particulate matter with aerodynamic equivalent diameter of less than 10 μm (PM10) and 2.5 μm (PM2.5), atmospheric aerosol particles pose a significant public health risk. Singapore’s National Environment Agency (NEA; http://www.nea.gov.sg) and Thailand’s Pollution Control Department (PCD; http://www.pcd.go.th), have been established These networks provide information on air quality, including mass concentrations for PM, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, sulphur dioxide and ozone, which serves as the basis for issuing public health advisories in cases of deteriorating air quality. We describe a study to investigate the extent to which satellite, ground based and model simulated AOD relates surface PM in Singapore from 24 September 2009 to 31 March 2011 This is conducted with the aid of the aforementioned MPLNET instrument to help interpret aerosol vertical distributions. Based on the physics of highly soluble salts, the hygroscopic growth function is frequently written as f (RH)
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