Relationship between adolescent attachment, codependency, and behavior problems

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine the role of codependency in the association between the adolescent’s attachment to parents and adolescent problem behavior ratings. Problem behavior has recently been raised as an important issue in developmental psychology research in Latvia. In previous studies from other countries adolescents with behavior problems have evidenced more symptoms of depression, addictive substance use and antisocial behavior which can lead to harm to themselves and others. Adolescent behavior problems influence interactions with other family members, with friends and with society at large. In order to reduce adolescent problem behavior it is necessary to increase overall understanding about it and to develop efficient treatment and support programs. These programs must be developed upon the basis of adolescent problem behavior research which examines the precipitating causes of problem behavior. Although there are a number of studies which describe adolescent attachment to parents, internalizing and externalizing problems, as well as the links between codependency, depression and dysfunctional relations in the family, this research offers innovative approach through joint observation of all mentioned variables, and finding interrelation between them. The aim of this study was to examine the role of codependency in the association between adolescent attachment to parents and problem behavior ratings. Researchers differentiate two main problem behavior groups: internalizing behavior problems, and externalizing behavior problems (Achenbach & McConaughy, 1991). Internalizing problems are characterized by adolescent negative emotions focused upon one’s self – the adolescent is unhappy, withdrawn, anxious, depressed, reporting somatic complaints (Achenbach & Edelbrock, 1983). Externalizing problems are characterized by external expression of adolescent negative emotions focused upon others – the adolescent is in conflict with others – struggling, fighting, arguing, lacking control. Researchers have denoted rule-breaking and aggressive behavior as two substantial parts of externalizing problem behavior (Achenbach & Edelbrock, 1983). Adolescents can express both internalizing and externalizing behaviors simultaneously (Rescorla, et al., 2007). Attachment has been defined as a long lasting emotional bond between an individual and the persons who are particularly important for him/her (family members, friends, etc.). Secure attachment is an important aspect of individual social and psychological well-being (Laible, Carlo & Rafaelli, 2000). According to attachment theory (Bowlby,1988), children are developing internal representation models of self and others based on early parent-child interaction quality – a set of expectations and perceptions about self and others. These models influence one’s interactions with the surrounding environment during the entire life time, affecting social competency, autonomy, self-esteem, cognitive development and psychological welfare (Allen et al., 2007). The first models of the codependency concept were developed in the USA during the 1970-ties and have prompted extensive research of codependency behaviors of individuals who have family members with addictive behaviors and/or who live in emotionally dysfunctional families. The codependency concept is being used by psychologists and family consultants working with addicts’ family members – spouses, children, parents. Latest codependency definition includes four codependency characteristics – 1) external focusing on others, 2) self-sacrificing, self-denial, 3) attempts to control others, and 4) suppressing one’s emotions (Dear, Roberts, & Lange, 2005).