Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a persistent public health problem in the United States (U.S.) due to its increasing prevalence and its positive correlation with type-2 diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). According to National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) criteria, MetS has six main components, which are obesity, dyslipidemia, raised blood pressure (BP), insulin resistance (IR) or glucose intolerance, pro-inflammatory state, and prothrombotic state. Vitamin D (Vit D) regulates the absorption of calcium and phosphorus and thus, is universally accepted as an essential vitamin for bone strength as well as a facilitator of immune system function. Vit D was also shown to reduce the risks of CVD, multiple sclerosis, and developing seasonal flu.We conducted a systematic review to identify the general association between Vit D level and MetS, to highlight specific associations between Vit D level and individual components of MetS, and finally, to explore the effects of Vit D supplementation on each component of MetS.In this paper, we reviewed 14 recent studies investigating the relationships between Vit D, MetS, and components of MetS. From the review of seven studies, we confirmed a significant association between Vit D and MetS as a whole. Four out of the five observational studies we reviewed support that Vit D level is significantly associated with the following components of MetS: obesity and BMI, dyslipidemia, BP, and insulin and glucose metabolism.We did not discover any significant relationship between Vit D level and other MetS components. The review of seven additional randomized clinical trials (RCT)-based studies suggest that Vit D supplementation has significant effects on BP, abdominal obesity, and insulin and glucose metabolism.
Highlights
BackgroundMetabolic syndrome (MetS) in the United States (U.S.) adults 18 years or older increased from 25% in 1988 to 34% in 2012 [1]
Four out of the five observational studies we reviewed support that Vitamin D (Vit D) level is significantly associated with the following components of MetS: obesity and body mass index (BMI), dyslipidemia, blood pressure (BP), and insulin and glucose metabolism
The findings indicate that waist circumference (WC) and TG were used to calculate lipid accumulation product (LAP), which was found to be significantly associated with Vit D level, neither WC nor TG was individually associated with Vit D
Summary
BackgroundMetabolic syndrome (MetS) in the United States (U.S.) adults 18 years or older increased from 25% in 1988 to 34% in 2012 [1]. MetS is known as one of the most important risk factors of type-2 diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), which in turn can increase the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke two-fold [3,4]. According to the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III report (NCEP-ATP III), there are six components of MetS related to CVD. They are abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, raised blood pressure (BP), insulin resistance (IR) or glucose intolerance, pro-inflammatory state, and prothrombotic state [6,7]. The most common clinical management of MetS is to reduce the risk factors; for example, maintaining low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels and BP under a certain threshold, mitigating the risk of T2DM for those who belong to atrisk populations, and encouraging patients to adopt lifestyle changes including eating a healthy diet and doing regular exercise [8,9]
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