Abstract
The main objective of the research was to determine the long-term and short-term correlation between CO2 emissions per capita, energy consumption per capita, and the level of economic growth of GDP per capita in the V4 countries. These countries, being EU members since 2004 and previously being in the sphere of influence of the Soviet Union, have introduced a number of economic reforms, but in the area of climate protection, including decarbonization, they struggle with many problems, as their economies are largely dependent on energy from non-renewable resources. The results of the research are varied, but the authors confirmed, especially in the case of Poland, the long-term correlations between the studied variables. In the short term, such interdependencies also occurred, especially between the level of energy consumption per capita and the level of CO2 emissions.
Highlights
The economic development of any country in the world is conditioned by sufficient and constant access to relatively inexpensive energy [1,2,3]
Information on the level of data integration was necessary for the application of the autoregrestributed lag (ARDL) model because the study of long-term relationships with this model is based on the assumption that the variables should be first degree I(1) or zero degree I(0) integrated series
The results of the Augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) and Kwiatkowski–Phillips–Schmidt–Shin (KPSS) tests are presented in Tables 3 and 4
Summary
The economic development of any country in the world is conditioned by sufficient and constant access to relatively inexpensive energy [1,2,3]. The energy sector is one of the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions, including CO2 , and requires significant investment outlays to ensure climate protection and pursue a policy of sustainable development [4]. The long-term policy of the EU has revealed tendencies related to the pursuit of increasing energy efficiency and climate protection, combined with the expectations of sustainable economic development. These actions are to be implemented by changing the share of fossil fuel energy production in favor of renewable sources (RES) [8,9]
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