Abstract
Previous studies revealed the impact growing location has on the quantity and quality of essential oils derived from numerous Citrus spp., except on the kaffir lime. This study aims to analyze the relationship shared by agroclimatic variables and soil-plant nutrient status to kaffir lime leaves essential oil yield and main composition. The experiment was conducted between February and April 2019 in four growing locations, namely Bogor (6°36′36″ S, 106°46′47″ E), West Bandung (6°48′12″ S, 107°39′16″ E), Pasuruan (7°45′5″ S, 112°40′6″ E) and Tulungagung (8°6′27″ S, 112°0′35″ E). The highest essential oil yield was obtained from Bogor (1.5%), while the lowest one was from Tulungagung (0.78%). The yield was positively and significantly correlated with the rainfall, soil organic carbon, soil pH, and macronutrient levels, i.e., nitrogen, phosphorus, and magnesium. Citronellal, the major component in metabolites’ profile of kaffir lime leaves essential oils, was significantly affected by the growing location. The absolute content of citronellal was positively and significantly correlated with the actual soil pH and leaf Ca content; furthermore, it negatively correlated with the leaf content of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu. Pearson correlation analysis also showed (i) a negative significant correlation between the relative percentage of citronellol and annual rainfall intensity; (ii) a negative significant correlation between altitude and relative percentage of caryophyllene, and (iii) a positive significant correlation between the relative percentage of linalool and leaf K content.
Highlights
Citrus essential oils proved to have many pharmacological properties, i.e., antioxidant [1], anticancer [2], anti-inflammatory [3], antiparasitic [4], antifungal [5], antibacterial [6], antimicrobial [7], larvacidal [8], stress release, and sleep [9]
In Indonesia, kaffir lime essential oil is produced by the people of Tulungagung district in the context of product diversification of kaffir lime leaves (KLL) which are widely cultivated [10]
This study revealed the variation of edaphic factors in the four locations
Summary
Citrus essential oils proved to have many pharmacological properties, i.e., antioxidant [1], anticancer [2], anti-inflammatory [3], antiparasitic [4], antifungal [5], antibacterial [6], antimicrobial [7], larvacidal [8], stress release, and sleep [9]. One Citrus spp., kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix DC) is rich in essential oil both in leaves and fruit [10] with numerous biological activities, such as anti-acne [11], anticancer [12], biolarvacidal [13], antimicrobial [14], and mood enhancer [15]. As the only production center of kaffir lime in Indonesia, the gate price of KLL essential oil in Tulungagung was IDR 700,000 per kg or less than 50 USD [10]. The price of this essential oil in the online market store has reached more than 150 USD per kg. The demand for this product is still high, along with the development of the fragrance, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries; due to limited raw materials it has not been able to be fulfilled [10]
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