Reinventing the Sexes: The Biomedical Construction of Femininity and Masculinity

Abstract

1. Femininity and Women in Biology and Feminist Theory 1.1 Gender Trouble and Making Sex 1.2 Back and Forward to Nurture and Nature 1.3 Feminist Visions of Biological Sex Differences 1.4 Feminist Ideology Haunted by Biology 1.5 Biological Ideology Haunted by Feminism 1.6 Toward Construction of Masculinity and Femininity 1.7 Possibilities and Constraints 1.8 Why the Brain? 2. Acceptance of Scientific Theories and Images Concerning Masculinity and Femininity 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Introduction and Context of the Proposal of the Organization Theory 2.3 Acceptance and Extension of the Organization Theory 2.4 Reasons for Acceptance of the Organization Theory 2.5 Conversion of Androgens to Estradiol 2.6 Mechanisms Perpetuating the Dual Function of Hormones 2.7 Conclusions 3. Feminism and the Biological Construction of Female and Male Behavior 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Biological Theory on Development of Behavior 3.3 Masculinity and Femininity in the Experiments 3.4 Criticisms of the Organization Theory 3.5 A Cry for the Liberation of the Female Rodent 3.6 Reinventing Female Appetitive Activities 3.7 Feminism and the Biological Construction of Human Behavior 3.8 Environmental Factors and the Biological Construction of Behavior 3.9 OSexually DimorphicO Behavior Challenged/Unlimited 3.10 Conclusions 4. The Construction of Women and Men in Medical Practice 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Pseudo-hermaphroditism Through the Ages 4.3 Medical Considerations in the Treatment of Ambiguous Sex 4.4 Treatment of Psychological Masculinity and Femininity 4.5 Asymmetrical Duality Within the Theory 4.6 Transference of Fundamental Knowledge into Medical Practice 4.7 Conclusions 5. Reinventing the Sexes 5.1 1959ETH1971 Masculine Monism 5.2 1971ETH1976 Introduction of Femininity, Return to Dualism 5.3 1977ETH1985 Dualism Unlimited 5.4 1959ETH1985 Dualism Revised 5.5 Nature-Nurture Revised 5.6 Behavior Changes Nature and Nurture 5.7 Feminism Revised 5.8 Science and Gender Perspectives Bibliography