Abstract
Canada will be unable to meet its greenhouse gas pledges—of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 30% over 2005 levels by 2030—without transitioning away from the current high-carbon economy. This transition will bring new challenges, especially to the Canadian boreal zone. The boreal zone continues to experience intensive natural resource activities including the extraction of forest, mining, oil and gas, and renewable energy products, which in combination with climate change, is placing the future sustainability of the boreal zone at risk. We explored policy options to reduce the risk to the future sustainability of the boreal zone in light of the inevitable energy transition to either a higher or a lower dependence on carbon and the uncertainty of society’s capacity to adapt to change. Current policies are putting us on a path towards failure to achieve sustainability of the boreal zone. While current policies may be moving us towards a low-carbon future, they lack a shared vision of what the energy transition will be and engagement by those members of society most impacted; they are top-down, prescriptive, and fragmented, and they lack capacity, accountability, and enforcement. Together these limitations create barriers to society’s capacity to adapt to the low-carbon future. Sustainability of the boreal zone will not only require a transition to a low-carbon economy but will require policies that overcome these barriers and create a higher capacity for society to adapt.
Highlights
Canada has vast energy production potential due to the myriad diverse and reliable renewable and nonrenewable energy sources available, including oil, natural gas, biomass, hydroelectricity, coal, nuclear, geothermal, solar, tidal, and wind energy
Using knowledge gained from our risk management analysis, we provide recommendations for changes to policies and practices needed to ensure sustainability of the boreal zone in a way that benefits all Canadians
The following policy recommendations are designed to help achieve the policy objective of sustainability of the complex socioecological system that defines the boreal zone, in light of the need to transition to a low-carbon economy while increasing adaptive capacity and improving relationships with all Canadians, especially the people living in the boreal zone
Summary
Canada has vast energy production potential due to the myriad diverse and reliable renewable and nonrenewable energy sources available, including oil, natural gas, biomass, hydroelectricity, coal, nuclear, geothermal, solar, tidal, and wind energy. A sustainable boreal zone is one where the impacts of natural resource extraction are minimized, greenhouse gas emissions are reduced, and decisions are made that do not marginalize communities, all while providing economic benefits for all Canadians.
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