Abstract
Purpose: To analyze the effects of a single-bulb garlic (Allium sativum) oil (SGO) on the activation of regulatory T cells and anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD).Methods: The study was conducted with 24 BALB/c male mice divided into six groups consisting of four mice each, i.e., control group (non-HFD, no treatment), HFD group without treatment, HFD administered with simvastatin, and three HFD groups administered SGO doses of 12.5, 25.0 and 50.0 mg/kg, respectively, and continuously treated (with SGO) for 45 days. The relative number of regulatory T cells, IL-10 and TGF-β were measured using flow cytometry.Results: HFD decreased the expression of regulatory T cells, and the production of IL-10 and TGF-β compared to the control group (p < 0.05). SGO (50 mg/kg) significantly enhanced the activation of regulatory T cells and production of TGF-β in mice fed high-fat diet compared to simvastatin group (p < 0.05). The dose of 25 mg/kg SGO significantly increased the level of IL-10 in mice fed a HFD (p < 0.05).Conclusion: These results suggest that SGO inhibits inflammatory processes in mice fed a HFD, by enhancing regulatory T cells and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and TGF-β. Thus, SGO a promising food supplements and/or therapeutic agent for management of inflammation disorders caused by a HFD.Keywords: Anti-inflammatory agent, Allium sativum, High-fat diet, Interleukin-10, Regulatory T cells, Transforming Growth Factor-β
Highlights
Atherosclerosis is one of the metabolic disease characterized by blocked arteries [1]
A high-fat diet suppressed the activation of regulatory T cells in mice
The relative number of CD4+CD25+IL-10+ was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) compared to normal mice (11.90 vs 23.39 %) (Figure 2)
Summary
Atherosclerosis is one of the metabolic disease characterized by blocked arteries [1]. Atherosclerosis has a mortality rate of almost 50 % worldwide and is one of the largest cause of death in the developed country such as Indonesia [2] It involves several cell interactions such as endothelial cells, machrophages, smooth muscle cells and lymphocytes. The accumulation of LDL, especially oxidatively modified LDL (Ox-LDL) in artery walls, triggers innate immune responses through the recruitment and activation of macrophages. The accumulation of inflammatory cells in arteries causes the release of chemokines, interleukin, and protease such as interferon gamma (IFN-ɣ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and ligand CD40 membranes. The release of these molecules lead to increased immune response and atherosclerotic lesion progression [5]. The role of regulatory T cells is important for modulating the pro-inflammatory process into a pro anti-inflammatory process [3]
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