Abstract
We investigate the exogenous increase in the proportion of independent non-executive directors (INEDs) in response to the corporate governance regulations 2012 in Singapore and Vietnam to estimate the effectiveness of INEDs in restraining earnings management. We also investigate the moderating effect of two important characteristics of INEDs: education and tenure on the relationship between regulations 2012 and earnings management. Our core findings show that voluntary adopters with better INEDs education and optimal tenure experience a significant decrease in earnings management compared to mandatory adopters with lower of INEDseducation and suboptimal tenure.
Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
