Regulatory reform requirements to address diffuse source water quality problems in Australia: learning from US experiences

Abstract

There is opportunity to learn from over 50 years' experience in the US to tackle diffuse source water quality pollution in Australia. This article considers the effectiveness of current regulations using the state of Victoria as an example, and identifies changes needed. Regulations could be amended to improve clarity of objectives and broaden scope. An effective water quality regime is impeded by lack of clarity of institutional powers and responsibilities at national, state and regional levels, over-reliance on ‘soft’ policy approaches and a culture of planning. Australian approaches would benefit from improvements in institutional clarity and power, (particularly regulatory enforcement), adoption of a source-based approach, creation of a legal mechanism for linking point and diffuse sources, and a mechanism for holding governments accountable when they fail to perform mandatory regulatory duties. Critical elements also include setting effective performance goals around specific assets and effective progress management. Targeting and policy efficiency also need to be considered as part of the reform process because regulations can have high administration and compliance costs. Overall institutional and regulatory reform, sustained political commitment and outcome-focused accountability are needed to address diffuse source water quality problems in Australia.