Abstract
Plant hormone ethylene regulates a wide range of physiological processes during plant development and coordinates different stress responses. Among others ethylene controls such practically significant characteristics of agricultural crops as fruit ripening rates and plant tolerance to stress conditions. That is why understanding molecular mechanisms underlying ethylene action is one of the basic questions in plant biology that is addressed in the context of both fundamental research and application in agriculture. Ethylene biosynthesis from methionine amino acid and the main points of its signaling pathway from membrane receptors to effector genes are studied in details and widely reviewed. Far less is known about genetic regulation of these two processes although it is the one that ensures accurate plant reaction to different endogenous and exogenous signals and causes the multiplicity of different physiological responses to ethylene. This review summarizes data about regulatory mechanisms of ethylene biosynthesis and signaling. It reports the key transcriptional and post-translational regulatory factors which control expression and stability of the main components of ethylene biosynthesis and signaling pathways, and describes multiple feed-backs supplementing the linear model of ethylene signaling. Particular attention is given to the role of hormonal crosstalk in the process. Different mechanisms of hormonal interaction are illustrated by synergy or antagonism of ethylene and auxin, jasmonates, cytokinins, brassinosteroids. Possible molecular basics of multiplicity of different physiological responses to ethylene is also discussed.
Highlights
The plant hormone ethylene regulates a wide range of physiological processes during plant development and coordinates diverse stress responses
Ethylene biosynthesis from methionine amino acid and the main points of its signaling pathway from membrane receptors to effector genes are studied in detail and widely reviewed
Much less is known about genetic regulation of these two processes, this one ensures accurate plant reaction to endogenous and exogenous signals and the diversity of physiological responses to ethylene
Summary
Фитогормон этилен регулирует широкий спектр физиологических процессов на разных этапах онтогенеза растений и ответов на воздействие различных стрессовых факторов. Биосинтез этилена из аминокислоты метионина и основные этапы пути передачи его сигнала в клетке от мембранных рецепторов до эффекторных генов изучены достаточно детально, и результаты этих исследований представлены в виде многочисленных обзоров. Гораздо меньше известно о генетической регуляции данных процессов, хотя именно благодаря ей обеспечиваются быстрая и адекватная реакция растения на различные внутренние и внешние стимулы, а также разнообразие физиологических ответов растения на действие этилена. В обзоре обобщены данные о механизмах регуляции биосинтеза этилена и передачи его сигнала. Описываются ключевые факторы транскрипционной и посттрансляционной регуляции, контролирующие экспрессию и стабильность ключевых компонентов путей биосинтеза и передачи сигнала этилена, а также множественные обратные связи, дополняющие линейную модель сигнального пути. Ключевые слова: этилен; фитогормоны; морфогенез; путь передачи сигнала; регуляция транскрипции; посттрансляционная регуляция. Механизмы регуляции передачи этиленового сигнала у растений.
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