Regulatory Mechanism of lncRNAs in M1/M2 Macrophages Polarization in the Diseases of Different Etiology.

Ping Jiang,Xiaopeng Li

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.835932

Abstract

Precise expression and regulation of genes in the immune system is important for organisms to produce strong immunity towards pathogens and limit autoimmunity. In recent years, an increasing number of studies has shown that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are closely related to immune function and can participate in regulating immune responses by regulating immune cell differentiation, development, and function. As immune cells, the polarization response of macrophages (Mφs) plays an important role in immune function and inflammation. LncRNAs can regulate the phenotypic polarization of Mφs to M1 or M2 through various mechanisms; promote pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory effects; and participate in the pathogenesis of cancers, inflammatory diseases, infections, metabolic diseases, and autoimmune diseases. In addition, it is important to explore the regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs on the dynamic transition between different Mφs phenotypes. Thus, the regulatory role of lncRNAs in the polarization of Mφs and their mechanism are discussed in this review.

Highlights

Macrophages (Mjs) are vital antigen-presenting cells with high heterogeneity and plasticity in the human immune system [1]
The results showed that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) XIST positively regulated the M2 polarization and interacted with transcription factor (TCF)-4, regulating the development of lung cancer [41]
Knockout of P21 led to mouse double minute 2 (MDM2)-induced proteasomedependent degradation of p53 and activated the nuclear factorkappa B (NF-kB)/STAT3 pathway, which promoted Mjs polarization to pro-inflammatory M1 and accelerated the progression of breast cancer. These results show that lncRNA p21 plays a key role in regulating the function of Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and can be a new therapeutic target for breast cancer

Summary

Introduction

Macrophages (Mjs) are vital antigen-presenting cells with high heterogeneity and plasticity in the human immune system [1]. Numerous studies have shown that different lncRNAs (lncRNA COX-2, lncRNA TUC339, and lncRNA Ma301) induce M1 and M2 polarization in the tumor microenvironment through different action targets (E-cadherin, caprin-1) and pathways (Akt/Erk1pathway), decrease the levels of iNOS and TNF-a in M1 Mjs, and increase the levels of Arg-1 and Fizz-1 in M2 Mjs. LncRNAs promotes the production of various inflammatory factors, chemokines and exocrine, acting on the immune response of tumors and inhibiting pathological processes such as immune escape and invasion of HCC.

Results

Conclusion