Abstract
Human papillomaviruses are the causative agents of cervical and other anogenital cancers along with approximately 60% of oropharyngeal cancers. These small double-stranded DNA viruses infect stratified epithelia and link their productive life cycles to differentiation. HPV proteins target cellular factors, such as those involved in DNA damage repair, as well as epigenetic control of host and viral transcription to regulate the productive life cycle. HPVs constitutively activate the ATM and ATR DNA repair pathways and preferentially recruit these proteins to viral genomes to facilitate productive viral replication. In addition, the sirtuin deacetylases along with histone acetyltransferases, including Tip60, are targeted in HPV infections to regulate viral transcription and replication. These pathways provide potential targets for drug therapy to treat HPV-induced disease.
Highlights
Double-stranded DNA viruses approximately 8 kb in length that are the etiological agents of cervical cancers, as well as many other malignancies of the anogenital tract
Sirtuins are a family of lysine deacetylases with homology to the budding yeast, silent information regulator 2 (Sir2), which regulates the formation of heterochromatin through the deacetylation of lysine residues on histone tails [78]
human papillomaviruses (HPV) proteins activate a number of cellular pathways to facilitate viral replication
Summary
Double-stranded DNA viruses approximately 8 kb in length that are the etiological agents of cervical cancers, as well as many other malignancies of the anogenital tract. 2/3 of young adults acquire HPV infections in the genital tract in the first few years of sexual activity [5,6] Most of these infections are cleared by the immune system within a year or two; a small percentage of women fail to clear infections by the high-risk types and become persistently infected. It contains the viral origin of replication (ORI) and the early promoter regulatory. It contains the viral origin of replication (ORI) and the early promoter regulatory elements. These early genes have critical functions in the viral life cycle, including HPV genome replication, gene expression, immune system evasion, and viral genome persistence [8]. Epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) signaling in differentiating cells [22,23]
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