Abstract
Plants retain the ability to produce new organs throughout their life cycles. Continuous aboveground organogenesis is achieved by meristems, which are mainly organized, established, and maintained in the shoot apex and leaf axils. This paper will focus on reviewing the recent progress in understanding the regulation of shoot apical meristem and axillary meristem development. We discuss the genetics of plant meristems, the role of plant hormones and environmental factors in meristem development, and the impact of epigenetic factors on meristem organization and function.
Highlights
Plants are unique in their ability to continuously produce new organs throughout their life cycles
Establishment of the radial pattern of the embryo is a prerequisite for shoot apical meristem (SAM) formation and is regulated by two types of transcription factors (TFs): The class III homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-ZIPIII) and KANADI (KAN) proteins [7]
Bilateral symmetry is established at a later stage of embryo development in a process involving the interplay of auxin, the SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM) gene, and the CUP SHAPED COTYLEDON (CUC) genes [5]
Summary
Plants are unique in their ability to continuously produce new organs throughout their life cycles. The process of continuous organogenesis depends on the activity of pluripotent cells Some of these stem cells are located at the tips of shoot and root known as apical meristems. The shoot apical meristem (SAM) and root apical meristem (RAM) are established in the shoot apex and root apex, respectively In monocots, such as rice and maize, the SAM is formed laterally, at the base of a single cotyledon [1]. SAM has dual functions of generating leaves, stems, and floral organs, as well as maintaining a pool of pluripotent cells in the center. In Arabidopsis, AMs locate in leaf axils and share common features with the SAM such as generating leaves, stems, and maintaining pluripotent stem cells.
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