Regulation of rumen lactate metabolism and the role of lactic acid in nutritional disorders of ruminants

Abstract

This paper present recent results concerning both the role of lactate as an intermediate in rumen fermentation, and the rapid accumulation of lactic acid in ruminant “lactic acidosis” and related syndromes. Special attention is given to the factors which regulate microbial lactate formation and fermentation in the rumen. When readily fermentable carbohydrates are presented to the rumen microflora there is at first a rapid fermentation to normal end-products which include the volatile fatty acids. These cause a decrease in the pH which may fall below the critical value of 5.5. As a result changes occur in the microbial population: protozoa are killed, methanogenic bacteria and lactate fermenters are inhibited, streptococci and finally lactobacilli are selectively increased. In many anaerobic and facultative aerobic bacteria lactic acid formation is selectively increased within the cell during rapid fermentation of carbohydrate. When the rate of glycolysis is high, increased intracellular levels of fructose-1, glycolysis is high, increased intracellular levels of fructose-1, 6-diphosphate may activate the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase. The importance of the buffer capacity of rumen contents and saliva and the rate of salivation in preventing the acidic conditions within the rumen are stressed. Bicarbonate is the most important buffer component in preventing the decrease in pH. The lactate fermentation capacity of rumen contents is determined by the substrate concentration and by the diet which is fed to the animals. During adaptation to a concentrate diet or to a diet which contains lactic acid there is an increase in the number of lactilytic bacteria. Feeding lactates or lactate containing silages, although it raises the capacity of the rumen contents to ferment lactic acid, has not proved to be a satisfactory way to adapt ruminants to high-energy rations. In the case of lactate feeding this may be because a group of CO2-requiring organisms is selectively encouraged instead ofMegasphaera elsdenii, the only important lactate fermenter which is able to grow at low pH values. This hypothesis and suggestions for further work on this problem are discussed.