Abstract
Transcription by RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is regulated by different processes, including alterations in chromatin structure, interactions between distal regulatory elements and promoters, formation of transcription domains enriched for Pol II and co-regulators, and mechanisms involved in the initiation, elongation, and termination steps of transcription. Transcription factor TFII-I, originally identified as an initiator (INR)-binding protein, contains multiple protein–protein interaction domains and plays diverse roles in the regulation of transcription. Genome-wide analysis revealed that TFII-I associates with expressed as well as repressed genes. Consistently, TFII-I interacts with co-regulators that either positively or negatively regulate the transcription. Furthermore, TFII-I has been shown to regulate transcription pausing by interacting with proteins that promote or inhibit the elongation step of transcription. Changes in TFII-I expression in humans are associated with neurological and immunological diseases as well as cancer. Furthermore, TFII-I is essential for the development of mice and represents a barrier for the induction of pluripotency. Here, we review the known functions of TFII-I related to the regulation of Pol II transcription at the stages of initiation and elongation.
Highlights
Specialty section: This article was submitted to Protein and RNA Networks, a section of the journal Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences
Because of its unique structure, its multiple functions in the nucleus and cytoplasm, and its implication in cancer as well as neurological and immunological disorders, there is interest and a significant requirement to elucidate the mechanisms by which TFII-I affects gene expression patterns and other cellular functions during development and differentiation
It is clear that TFII-I is a DNA-binding protein that interacts with coregulators to positively or negatively affect the transcription of specific target genes, but many aspects of TFII-I function remain enigmatic
Summary
Specialty section: This article was submitted to Protein and RNA Networks, a section of the journal Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences. TFII-I has been shown to regulate transcription pausing by interacting with proteins that promote or inhibit the elongation step of transcription. Transcription factor TFII-I was one of the early proteins identified to interact with the initiator and to recruit transcription complexes to TATA-less promoters (Roy et al, 1993b).
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