Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrPC) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein present at the cell surface. PrPC N-terminal moiety is intrinsically disordered and is able to interact with a variety of ligands. Physiological ligands have neurotrophic activity, whilst others, including protein toxic oligomers, have neurotoxic functions. These two opposite activities involve different interacting partners and result from different PrPC-activated signaling pathways. Remarkably, PrPC may be inactivated either by physiological endoproteolysis and release of the N-terminal domain, or by ectodomain shedding. Ligand-induced PrPC dimerization or enforced dimerization of PrPC indicate that PrPC dimerization represents an important molecular switch for both intracellular signaling and inactivation by the release of PrPC N-terminal domain or shedding. In this review, we summarize evidence that cell surface receptor activity of PrPC is finely regulated by dimerization.
Highlights
PrPC is a cell surface protein with a bipartite structure: theN-terminal domain is disordered and the C-terminal domain is structured and contains three α-helices and two short β-strands (Wuthrich and Riek, 2001)
Ligand-induced PrPC dimerization or enforced dimerization of PrPC indicate that PrPC dimerization represents an important molecular switch for both intracellular signaling and inactivation by the release of PrPC N-terminal domain or shedding
We summarize evidence that cell surface receptor activity of PrPC is finely regulated by dimerization
Summary
PrPC N-terminal moiety is intrinsically disordered and is able to interact with a variety of ligands. Physiological ligands have neurotrophic activity, whilst others, including protein toxic oligomers, have neurotoxic functions. These two opposite activities involve different interacting partners and result from different PrPC-activated signaling pathways. PrPC may be inactivated either by physiological endoproteolysis and release of the N-terminal domain, or by ectodomain shedding. Ligand-induced PrPC dimerization or enforced dimerization of PrPC indicate that PrPC dimerization represents an important molecular switch for both intracellular signaling and inactivation by the release of PrPC N-terminal domain or shedding. We summarize evidence that cell surface receptor activity of PrPC is finely regulated by dimerization
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