Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and Cutibacterium acnes are common representatives of the human skin microbiome. However, when these bacteria are organized in biofilm, they could be involved in several skin disorders such as acne or psoriasis. They inhabit in hollows of hair follicles and skin glands, where they form biofilms. There, they are continuously exposed to human hormones, including human natriuretic peptides (NUPs). We first observed that the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and the C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) have a strong effect S. aureus and C. acnes biofilm formation on the skin. These effects are significantly dependent on the aero-anaerobic conditions and temperature. We also show that both ANP and CNP increased competitive advantages of C. acnes toward S. aureus in mixed biofilm. Because of their temperature-dependent effects, NUPs appear to act as a thermostat, allowing the skin to modulate bacterial development in normal and inflammatory conditions. This is an important step toward understanding how human neuroendocrine systems can regulate the cutaneous microbial community and should be important for applications in fundamental sciences, medicine, dermatology, and cosmetology.
Highlights
Skin microorganisms that compose the skin microbiome form as a complex community in which all members are closely interrelated (Belkaid and Hand, 2014; Prescott et al, 2017)
It is likely that multispecies microbial biofilms, including those formed by both C. acnes and S. aureus, can be a cause of acne vulgaris and other skin disorders, because such biofilms are formed inside comedones and hair follicles (Ten Broeke-Smits et al, 2010; Jahns et al, 2012; Khorvash et al, 2012; Matard et al, 2013; Jahns and Alexeyev, 2014)
Whereas in surface and at the level of the stratum corneum the percentage of oxygen is that of the atmosphere (21%), it falls to 3% at the base of the stratum spinosum (Grillon et al, 2012), leading to microaerophilic and even probably anaerobic conditions in specific niches
Summary
Skin microorganisms that compose the skin microbiome form as a complex community in which all members are closely interrelated (Belkaid and Hand, 2014; Prescott et al, 2017). Staphylococcus aureus and Cutibacterium acnes are main actors in the human skin microbiome and prefer sebum-rich microniches, such as skin gland hollows and hair follicles (Grice et al, 2009; Aubin et al, 2014; SanMiguel and Grice, 2015; Feuerstein et al, 2017). S. aureus can be responsible for complications and inflammation during psoriasis and skin wounds (Elfatoiki et al, 2016; Lacey et al, 2016; Totté et al, 2016) Both bacteria are able to form biofilms inside the niches that they colonize (Daum, 2007; Jahns et al, 2012; Jahns and Alexeyev, 2014). It is likely that multispecies microbial biofilms, including those formed by both C. acnes and S. aureus, can be a cause of acne vulgaris and other skin disorders, because such biofilms are formed inside comedones and hair follicles (Ten Broeke-Smits et al, 2010; Jahns et al, 2012; Khorvash et al, 2012; Matard et al, 2013; Jahns and Alexeyev, 2014)
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