Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS), a type of glycosaminoglycan (GAG), is a linear acidic polysaccharide comprised of repeating disaccharides, modified with sulfate groups at various positions. Except for hyaluronan (HA), GAGs are covalently bound to core proteins, forming proteoglycans (PGs). With highly negative charges, GAGs interact with a variety of physiologically active molecules, including cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, and control cell behavior during development and in the progression of diseases, including cancer, infections, and inflammation. Heparan sulfate (HS), another type of GAG, and HA are well reported as regulators for leukocyte migration at sites of inflammation. There have been many reports on the regulation of immune cell function by HS and HA; however, regulation of immune cells by CS has not yet been fully understood. This article focuses on the regulatory function of CS in antigen-presenting cells, including macrophages and dendritic cells, and refers to CSPGs, such as versican and biglycan, and the cell surface proteoglycan, syndecan.
Highlights
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear polysaccharides consisting of repeating disaccharide units and modified with sulfate groups at various positions on the sugar residues
dendritic cell (DC) play a pivotal role in promoting unbalanced active immune responses, resulting in the progression of autoimmune diseases. These results suggest that Chondroitin sulfate (CS) could regulate DC function, which leads to designated T cell differentiation
Even with the same structure, CS affects differently depending on the target cells and their microenvironments
Summary
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear polysaccharides consisting of repeating disaccharide units and modified with sulfate groups at various positions on the sugar residues. The GAG chains retain negatively charged domains due to characteristics of the sulfate groups, allowing for the absorption of water and other positively charged soluble ligands, such as chemokines [1, 2], cytokines [3], growth factors [4, 5], and cell surface receptors [6, 7]. They are classified into chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS), heparin/heparan sulfate (HP/HS), hyaluronan (HA), and keratan sulfate (KS).
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