Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effect of the primary phytochemicals from coffee by-products and two aqueous extracts from the coffee husk and silverskin on lipid and glucose metabolism regulation in hepatocytes using an in vitro model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Coffee husk and silverskin were used to prepare two aqueous extracts (CHE and CSE, respectively) using water. The phytochemical composition was determined using UPLC-MS/MS analysis. HepG2 cells were co-treated with 10–50 µmol L‒1 of either pure caffeine, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, protocatechuic acid, or gallic acid, and kaempferol, CHE, or CSE (20–100 µg mL‒1) in the presence or absence of palmitic acid (PA, 500 µmol L‒1). Different biomarkers of cell metabolism were assessed 24 h after the co-treatment in cell supernatants and lysates using chemical, biochemical, and immunochemical techniques. Phytochemicals from coffee by-products decreased PA-triggered lipid accumulation (16–94%, p < 0.05) by reducing fatty acid synthase activity and stimulating lipolysis (8–83%, p < 0.05). CHE, CSE, and therein-bioactive compounds promoted glucose uptake (13–45%) via the increase in the phosphorylation of the insulin receptor (1.9- to 2.7-fold), protein kinase B (AKT) (1.4- to 3.1-fold), AMPKα (1.6- to 2.4-fold), and PTEN (2.0- to 4.2-fold). In conclusion, our results proved that phytochemicals from coffee by-products, mainly caffeine and chlorogenic acid, could regulate hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism. Overall, our results generate new insights into the use of coffee by-products as a sustainable food ingredient to encounter non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
Highlights
The World Health Organization pinpoints chronic diseases responsible for 71% of all deaths worldwide [1]
The main bioactive compounds found among Coffee silverskin aqueous extract (CSE) and coffee husk aqueous extract (CHE) were selected as pure compounds for subsequent analyses
Caffeine was the primary alkaloid found in CSE and CHE, being in higher concentration in the husk than in the silverskin (19.2 vs. 9.8 mg mL−1)
Summary
The World Health Organization pinpoints chronic diseases responsible for 71% of all deaths worldwide [1]. Metabolic disorders are caused by defective cellular metabolic processes triggering energy and redox imbalances and the induction of many organism pathophysiological conditions Chronic diseases such as obesity and type II diabetes lead to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Coffee by-products, including coffee husk and silverskin, are considered a source of bioactive compounds Owing to their proven ability to regulate cellular metabolic processes, phytochemicals from coffee by-products could modulate liver metabolism preventing NAFLD. They are generated in large amounts during coffee harvesting and processing and generally settled in the environment causing ecological problems [4]. This work’s goal was to evaluate the impact of the primary phytochemicals from coffee by-products and two aqueous extracts from the coffee husk and silverskin on lipid regulation and glucose metabolism in hepatocytes using and in vitro model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
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