Abstract
The original Laminaria polysaccharide (LP0) was sulfated using the sulfur trioxide-pyridine method, and four sulfated Laminaria polysaccharides (SLPs) were obtained, namely, SLP1, SLP2, SLP3, and SLP4. The sulfated (–OSO3–) contents were 8.58%, 15.1%, 22.8%, and 31.3%, respectively. The structures of the polysaccharides were characterized using a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. SLPs showed better antioxidant activity than LP0, increased the concentration of soluble Ca2+ in the solution, reduced the amount of CaOx precipitation and degree of CaOx crystal aggregation, induced COD crystal formation, and protected HK-2 cells from damage caused by nanometer calcium oxalate crystals. These effects can inhibit the formation of CaOx kidney stones. The biological activity of the polysaccharides increased with the content of –OSO3−, that is, the biological activities of the polysaccharides had the following order: LP0 < SLP1 < SLP2 < SLP3 < SLP4. These results reveal that SLPs with high –OSO3− contents are potential drugs for effectively inhibiting the formation of CaOx stones.
Highlights
The prevalence and incidence of kidney stones are on the rise globally, and no effective drug to treat or prevent the disease is currently available [1]
The experimental model is divided into three groups: (a) normal control group: only serum-free medium was added; (b) crystal damage group: 200 μg/mL calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) crystals prepared with serumfree medium was added; (c) polysaccharide protection group: 80 μg/mL Laminaria polysaccharide solution with -OSO3- content of 0.73% (LP0), 8.58% (SLP1), 15.1% (SLP2), 22.8% (SLP3), and 31.3% (SLP4) was added to react with 200 μg/mL COD for 15 min; it was added to normal cells and incubated for 12 h
The experimental model is divided into three groups: (a) normal control group: only serum-free medium was added; (b) crystal damage group: 200 μg/mL COD crystals prepared with serum-free medium was added; (c) polysaccharide protection group: 80 μg/mL Laminaria polysaccharide solution with -OSO3- content of 0.73% (LP0), 8.58% (SLP1), 15.1% (SLP2), 22.8% (SLP3), and 31.3% (SLP4) was added to react with 200 μg/mL COD for 15 min; it was added to normal cells and incubated for 12 h
Summary
The prevalence and incidence of kidney stones are on the rise globally, and no effective drug to treat or prevent the disease is currently available [1]. Oxidative stress-induced damage to renal tubular epithelial cells and decrease in inhibitor molecules in urine or in their activities are the important reasons for the formation of CaOx stones [6, 7]. Increasing the concentrations and/or activities of inhibitors in the urine, removing excess free radicals in the body, and protecting renal tubular epithelial cells from oxidative damage may inhibit the formation and recurrence of kidney stones. Zhao et al [14] found that tea polysaccharides can effectively protect HK-2 cells from COM damage, increasing cell viability, restoring cell morphology, increasing lysosome integrity, and reducing crystal adhesion These features inhibit the production of kidney stones. The antioxidant activities, the ability to regulate CaOx crystals growth, and protective effects on renal epithelial cells of these SLPs were studied. The SLPs offer development prospects for drugs used in preventing and treating CaOx kidney stones
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