Abstract
β-D-glucans are diverse polysaccharides derived from plant cell walls, fungi and bacteria. β-D-glucans are composed of D-glucose monomers linked by (1-3) β-glycosidic bonds with varying amounts of (1-6) or (1-4) linked side chains that bind cell surface receptors ultimately triggering changes in intracellular pathways and gene transcription. β-D-glucans have anti-viral, immunomodulatory and anti-cancer activities. This article reviews the current identity and putative function of genes regulated by β-glucans purified from various sources in human cancer and immune cells and in murine dendritic, macrophage cells and lungs. β-D-glucans increase the expression of numerous cytokines and immunomodulatory factors and their receptors in dendritic cells. Pathways and transcription factors involved in the cellular responses to β-glucans are summarized.
Highlights
Original Research PaperThis article reviews the current identity and putative function of genes regulated by β-glucans purified from various sources in human cancer and immune cells and in murine dendritic, macrophage cells and lungs
Introduction β-D-glucans are diverse polysaccharides derived from plant cell walls, fungi and bacteria composed of Dglucose monomers linked by (1-3) β-glycosidic bonds and variable amounts of (1-6) and (1-4) branches. β-D-glucans are considered to be “biological response modifiers” because they exhibit antibacterial, antiviral, anticoagulatory, anti-tumoral immunomodulatory and woundhealing activities (Bohn and BeMiller, 1995)
We reported that a purified preparation of β-D-glucan dissolved in DMSO - but not water- inhibited the growth of estrogen receptor α (ERα)+ MCF-7 cells with an IC50 of ~164±12 μg mL−1 compared to normal breast epithelial (ERα-) MCF-10A cells, IC50~464 μg mL−1 (Jafaar et al, 2014). β-glucan inhibited the estradiol (E2)independent, tamoxifen (TAM) and fulvestrant-resistant, ERα + LCC9 and LY2 cells
Summary
This article reviews the current identity and putative function of genes regulated by β-glucans purified from various sources in human cancer and immune cells and in murine dendritic, macrophage cells and lungs. Β-D-glucans increase the expression of numerous cytokines and immunomodulatory factors and their receptors in dendritic cells. A water-soluble β-glucan extract from the mycelia of Poriacocos inhibited the viability (MTT assay) of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells with an IC50 of 400 μg mL−1 and decreased cyclin D1 and cyclin E protein expression (Zhang et al, 2006). It was shown that a purified β-D-glucan isolated from barley and dissolved in DMSO, but not water, inhibited cell viability in two human breast cancer cells lines: MCF-7 and LCC9, an endocrine-resistant (estradiol, tamoxifen and fulvestrant) cell line derived from MCF-7. IL10, IL8, IL7, IL-6, IL-1B, IL-1A, EB13, IL22RA1, IL15RA, IL7R, IL6R, IL4R, IL3RA, IL2RA, CCR7, CCR6, CX3CL1, CXCL11, CXCL10, CXCL9, CXCL6, CXCL5, CXCL3, CXCL2, CXCL1, CCL22, CCL20, CCL19, CCL17, CCL15, CCL13, CCL8, CCL5, CCL4, CCL3, CCL1, LILRB4, LAMP3, ECGF1, CD86, CD83, CD80, CD58, CD54, CD47, CD44, ADAMDEC1, ISG20, IFITM3, IFIT4, IFIT2, IFIT1, IFI44, IFI35, IFI27, GIP3, GIP2, RELA, RELB, NFKB2, NFKB1, EB13, CFLAR, BTG1, BASP1, ATF4, AIM2, ADAR, ACPP
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