Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 15/19 and FGF21 are two atypical members of FGF19 subfamily that function as hormones. Exogenous FGF15/19 and FGF21 have pharmacological effects, and endogenous FGF15/19 and FGF21 play vital roles in the maintenance of energy homeostasis. Recent reports have expanded the effects of FGF15/19 and FGF21 on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. However, the regulations of FGF15/19 and FGF21 on metabolism are different. FGF15/19 is mainly secreted from the small intestine in response to feeding, and FGF21 is secreted from the liver in response to extended fasting and from the liver and adipose tissue in response to feeding. In this work, we reviewed the regulatory effects of FGF15/19 and FGF21 on metabolism in the fast and fed states. This information may provide some insight into the metabolic regulation of FGF15/19 and FGF21 in different physiological condition.
Highlights
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a group of structurally related polypeptides, involved in various biological processes such as neuronal functions, development, differentiation, and metabolism [1,2,3]
FGF15/19 is secreted from the ileum in response to feeding, it acts as endocrine hormones and takes part in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism [13]
Gluconeogenesis inhibition is differently mediated by FGF19 and insulin by dephosphorylation and inactivation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and protein kinase B (Akt)-dependent both of them can stimulate glycogen and repress gluconeogenesis, there still are important differences as insulin acts through the insulin receptor-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathway, and FGF15/19 mediates its effects through the FGF receptors (FGFRs)/KLBERK pathway
Summary
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a group of structurally related polypeptides, involved in various biological processes such as neuronal functions, development, differentiation, and metabolism [1,2,3]. FGF15/19 is secreted from the ileum in response to feeding, it acts as endocrine hormones and takes part in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism [13]. Unlike other members in the FGF family, FGF21 is a newly discovered factor for metabolism [5], it lacks heparin-binding domain, and has no effect on promoting mitosis and proliferative activity [16, 17].
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