Abstract
Numerous naturally occurring molecules have been studied for their beneficial health effects. Many compounds have received considerable attention for their potential medical uses. Among them, several substances have been found to improve mitochondrial function. This review focuses on resveratrol, (–)-epicatechin, and betaine and summarizes the published data pertaining to their effects on cytochrome c oxidase (COX) which is the terminal enzyme of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is considered to play an important role in the regulation of mitochondrial respiration. In a variety of experimental model systems, these compounds have been shown to improve mitochondrial biogenesis in addition to increased COX amount and/or its enzymatic activity. Given that they are inexpensive, safe in a wide range of concentrations, and effectively improve mitochondrial and COX function, these compounds could be attractive enough for possible therapeutic or health improvement strategies.
Highlights
Compounds Resveratrol, Mitochondria produce cellular energy, intermediates for biosynthesis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and play important roles in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis and cell death
This review summarized various studies validating the regulatory effects of the natural compounds derived from plants, RSV, EPI, and BET on c oxidase (COX)
More pronounced effects were obtained under challenged or stressed conditions. They were capable of mitigating, preventing, or even rescuing pathological conditions including cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease, metabolic disease, cancer, and aging. They could ameliorate the impaired conditions by alleviating oxidative stress due to direct and indirect antioxidant effects and in addition, by enhancing mitochondrial function and biogenesis, which are often disrupted in pathological conditions
Summary
Compounds Resveratrol, Mitochondria produce cellular energy, intermediates for biosynthesis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and play important roles in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis and cell death. Disruption of their function, dynamics, or biogenesis has been associated with a wide range of human diseases including cancer, diabetes, obesity, and aging [1]. Several regulatory mechanisms are known, such as an allosteric regulation, expression of tissue-/species-/development-specific isoforms, reversible phosphorylation modification via cell signaling, protein-protein interactions, and supercomplex formation [9,12] These regulatory mechanisms affect the enzymatic activity of COX, which in turn alters mitochondrial membrane potential, and ATP and ROS production. The most in-depth studied compounds, RSV, EPI, and BET, that affect COX are reviewed
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