Abstract
Natural products have historically been invaluable as a premium source of therapeutic agents. Recent advancements in genomics and structural biology have portrayed a high-resolution landscape of the diversity of proteins targeted by pharmacologically active products from natural sources. Natural product research has generated valuable wealth of information and cutting-edge research-works have leveraged our conceptual knowledge altogether to a new level. Wogonin (5,7-dihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone) is an O-methylated flavone and has attracted noteworthy appreciation because of its ability to pharmacologically target plethora of cell signaling pathways in different cancers. In this mini-review, we have gathered scattered pieces of available scientific evidence to summarize how wogonin pharmaceutically targeted Wnt/?-catenin, JAK/STAT, VEGF/VEGFR and TRAIL-driven apoptotic pathways in wide variety of cancers. We have also critically analyzed how wogonin prevented carcinogenesis and metastasis in tumor-bearing mice. Although researchers have uncovered pleiotropic role of wogonin in the regulation of different oncogenic signaling cascades but there are visible knowledge gaps in our understanding related to regulation of non-coding RNAs by wogonin. Future studies must converge on the unraveling of additional drug targets for wogonin to achieve a fuller and realistic understanding of the chemopreventive properties of wogonin.
Highlights
Accumulating evidence from epidemiological studies has suggested that the consumption of various phytochemicals can reduce the incidence of cancer but can significantly enhance the sensitivity of chemotherapies [1,2]
Among a number of active constituents found in S. baicalensis, wogonin displays remarkable pharmacological activities i.e anti-inflammatory [6,7], anti-oxidative/anti-radical [8], neuroprotective [9,10,11], cardioprotective [12,13], induction of autophagy, apoptosis, cellular senescence in cancer cells [9], antiproliferative effect on tumor cells [14] and increasing in the sensitivity of various chemotherapeutic agents [15,16]
Paclitaxel and FV-429 worked with effective synergy and markedly reduced the levels of p-STAT3 and HIF1α in the tumor tissues of mice injected with A2780 cancer cells [23]
Summary
Accumulating evidence from epidemiological studies has suggested that the consumption of various phytochemicals can reduce the incidence of cancer but can significantly enhance the sensitivity of chemotherapies [1,2]. Wogonoside notably reduced p-β-catenin levels in the tumor tissues of the mice subcutaneously injected with SCL-1 cells [20]. LW-213 reduced phosphorylated levels of AKT and GSK-3β and restricted the accumulation of β-catenin in the nucleus in breast cancer cells [21]. FV-429 reduced the levels of p-STAT3 and inhibited its nuclear accumulation in ovarian cancer cells. Paclitaxel and FV-429 worked with effective synergy and markedly reduced the levels of p-STAT3 and HIF1α in the tumor tissues of mice injected with A2780 cancer cells [23]. Wogonin effectively modulates different STAT proteins for cancer chemoprevention, but there is still a need to comprehensively analyze how wogonin interferes with JAK/STAT signaling to inhibit or prevent cancer
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