Regulation of cell division in the subapical shoot meristem of dwarf watermelon seedlings by gibberellic acid and polyethylene glycol 4000

Abstract

The stimulatory effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) and the inhibitory effects of polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG) on hypocotyl elongation and cell cycle kinetics in subapical pith cells of dwarf watermelon seedlings (Citrullus lanatus [Thunb.] Matsu and Nakai) were investigated. Mitotic indices (MI) were determined from direct counts of pith cells stained by a modified Feulgen technique. Labeling indices (LI) were determined from direct counts of labeled pith cells sampled 1.5 h after apical applications of3H-thymidine. Root application of 0.32 mM GA3 at 96, 120, or 144 h after sowing resulted in significant increases in both mitotic and labeling indices within 4.5 to 7.5 h following treatment. A single mitotic peak at 13.5 h occurred in all three treatment periods. Labeling peaks were often less defined than mitotic peaks; however, a relatively high proportion of labeled nuclei were usually observed between 7.5 and 9 h after GA3 treatment and at 16.5 h, the latter period coinciding with progression of cells into S phase from the peak period of mitosis. The results suggest that GA3 increases the proportion of rapidly dividing cells in the subapical meristem by increasing the probability that slowly cycling or nonproliferative cells in both 2C and 4C DNA states will enter the proliferative pool. The addition of PEG (200 g/l, ψ = 1.5 mPA) to the rooting medium of dwarf watermelon seedlings inhibited hypocotyl elongation and reduced both mitotic and labeling indices simultaneously within 4.5 h after treatment. Within 24–28 h after PEG treatment, mitotic and labeling indices approached 0. Seedlings transferred from PEG to either water or GA3 exhibited rapid recovery of cell division and hypocotyl elongation. Mitotic and labeling indices increased within 4.5–7.5 h into the recovery period in either water or GA3 and reached control values within 10.5 h. GA3 hastened the recovery from PEG-induced stress. It is concluded that water stress imposed by PEG 4000 causes arrest of cell division in meristematic cells of watermelon seedlings in both G1 and G2 periods. PEG and GA treatments resulted in only a partial and transitory synchronization of the cell cycle.