Regulating the Risk of Blood-borne Related Infections: Men Who Have Sex with Men Deferral Policy

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In Canada, from 1989 to 2013, a man who had had sex with another man (MSM), even once since 1977, was categorically excluded from the blood donor pool. Although the LGBTTQ community and student groups argued that this exclusion, based solely on sexual orientation, was discriminatory and promoted homophobic attitudes, the painful legacy of the tainted blood scandal and the desire to maintain public trust in the blood supply, prevented Canadian Blood Services from relaxing the eligibility. The recent changes to the MSM blood deferral policy primarily aimed to align the ban with new epidemiological evidence of risk. Implicitly, another goal was to increase blood supply by enhancing young Canadian's perception of blood services, prompting them to become regular donors. An extensive consultation process, lasting almost a decade, was necessary to reach a compromise amongst patient groups opposed to changes to the legislation, and the LGBTTQ and student groups who wanted to eliminate the deferral for MSM altogether and reform screening practices. A consensus amongst high interest groups was reached in 2013, resulting in the implementation of a 5-year deferral (meaning MSM become eligible donors after five years without sex with other men) and three years later, a change to a 1-year deferral. The changes to the deferral policy have had a small impact on net blood supply; nevertheless, they have succeeded at improving donor compliance, satisfying activists, and advancing the possibility of introducing novel and improved screening tools that tackle the risk inherent in sexual practices rather than the risk related to sexual orientation.Un homme ayant eu ne serait-ce qu'un seul rapport sexuel avec un autre homme (HSH) apres 1977 etait categoriquement exclu du don du sang au Canada entre 1989 et 2013. En depit des objections de la communaute LGBTTQ et d'associations etudiantes selon lesquelles cette exclusion, fondee uniquement sur l'orientation sexuelle, etait discriminatoire et promouvait les attitudes homophobes, la Societe Canadienne du Sang se trouvait empechee par l'ombre portee du douloureux scandale du sang contamine ainsi que par sa volonte de maintenir la confiance du public dans la qualite du sang d'assouplir les regles d'eligibilite. Les changements recents a la politique de moratoire sur les dons de sang de HSH visaient essentiellement a adapter l'exclusion aux nouvelles donnees epidemiologiques sur les risques encourus. Un autre objectif, implicite, etait d'ameliorer l'image des services de dons de sang aupres des jeunes Canadiens, les poussant ainsi a devenir des donneurs reguliers, afin d'augmenter l'offre de sang. Un processus de consultation approfondie ayant dure pas loin de dix ans a ete necessaire pour atteindre un compromis entre les associations de patients, opposees a tout changement a la legislation, et les associations etudiantes ou la communaute LGBTTQ qui souhaitaient eliminer tout moratoire pour les dons HSH et reformer les pratiques de depistage. Un consensus fut atteint entre ces groupes d'interet en 2013, autour d'un moratoire de cinq ans (ce qui signifie que les HSH deviennent eligibles comme donneurs apres cinq ans d'abstinence de rapports homosexuels), puis, trois annees plus tard, un moratoire d'un an. Ces changements de durees de moratoire n'ont eu qu'un effet limite sur l'offre de sang ; cependant, ils ont ameliore l'observance des donneurs, satisfait les activistes, et ameliore les perspectives d'innovation en matiere de depistage, de maniere a cibler le risque lie aux pratiques plutot qu'a l'orientation sexuelle.

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Blood Donation, Deferral, and Discrimination: FDA Donor Deferral Policy for Men Who Have Sex With Men
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  • The American Journal of Bioethics
  • Charlene Galarneau

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) policy prohibits blood donation from men who have had sex with men (MSM) even one time since 1977. Growing moral criticism claims that this policy is discriminatory, a claim rejected by the FDA. An overview of U.S. blood donation, recent donor deferral policy, and the conventional ethical debate introduce the need for a different approach to analyzing discrimination claims. I draw on an institutional understanding of injustice to discern and describe five features of the MSM policy and its FDA context that contribute to its discriminatory effect. I note significant similarities in the 1980s policy of deferring Haitians, suggesting an historical pattern of discrimination in FDA deferral policy. Finally, I point to changes needed to move toward a nondiscriminatory deferral policy.

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Blood Donation and COVID-19: Reconsidering the 3-Month Deferral Policy for Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Other Men Who Have Sex With Men.
  • Nov 19, 2020
  • American journal of public health
  • Christopher Park + 12 more

In April 2020, in light of COVID-19-related blood shortages, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reduced the deferral period for men who have sex with men (MSM) from its previous duration of 1 year to 3 months.Although originally born out of necessity, the decades-old restrictions on MSM donors have been mitigated by significant advancements in HIV screening, treatment, and public education. The severity of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic-and the urgent need for safe blood products to respond to such crises-demands an immediate reconsideration of the 3-month deferral policy for MSM.We review historical HIV testing and transmission evidence, discuss the ethical ramifications of the current deferral period, and examine the issue of noncompliance with donor deferral rules. We also propose an eligibility screening format that involves an individual risk-based screening protocol and, unlike current FDA guidelines, does not effectively exclude donors on the basis of gender identity or sexual orientation. Our policy proposal would allow historically marginalized community members to participate with dignity in the blood donation process without compromising blood donation and transfusion safety outcomes.

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Blood Donation and Institutional Trust: Risk, Policy Rhetoric, and the Men Who Have Sex with Men Lifetime Deferral Policy in Canada
  • Nov 1, 2011
  • Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie
  • André Smith + 3 more

This article examines the process of rebuilding institutional trust in the Canadian blood system in the aftermath of the tainted blood scandal. Our focus is the policy of lifetime deferral from donating blood for men who have sex with men. Drawing on findings from interviews with representatives of Health Canada's Expert Advisory Committee on Blood Regulation, the National Liaison Committee, Canadian Blood Services, and blood consumer groups, we demonstrate how claims making about rights, discrimination, science, and risk contribute to policy continuity. We also examine the link between policy continuity and the management of reputational risk.

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