Abstract
Sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are usually battery-operated and resource-constrained. The sensor nodes are often deployed in remote areas where the batteries cannot easily be recharged or replaced. Consequently, power becomes a limited resource in WSNs. Thus, energy consumption of the sensor nodes is among parameters of paramount importance. Subsequently, source location privacy (SLP) routing schemes must be energy-efficient and overall cost-effective. Angle-based routing schemes can cost-effectively protect the SLP. The goal of this study is to propose a new path node offset angle routing algorithm to improve the packet transmission cost of two existing SLP routing schemes. The proposed algorithm considers path node offset angles, arbitrary factors, and contrived regions to compute relatively short but greatly randomized routing paths. The routes offer a reduced number of packet forwarding events in the near-sink region and eventually diminish the packet transmission cost. Performance analysis results verify that the proposed path node offset angle routing algorithm effectively improves the packet transmission cost of the schemes and guarantees strong SLP protection throughout the WSN domain. Furthermore, the routing algorithm is capable of alleviating the energy-hole problem.
Highlights
The process of minimizing the traceability and observability of a source node by an adversary in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is denoted as source location privacy (SLP) protection
To characterize the performance of the proposed and existing schemes, the following performance metrics are used: 1) Safety period (SP): the same as in [2], [3], [5], safety period can be defined in three ways: (1) the time required for an adversary to back trace and capture the asset, (2) the number of packets successfully delivered to the sink node before the adversary reaches the source node, or, (3) the maximum time an asset will be at a given location before it moves to a new location
PROPOSED PATH NODE OFFSET ANGLE ROUTING ALGORITHM The proposed routing algorithm aims to provide a high degree of source location privacy protection while improving the packet transmission cost of strategic location-based random routing [3] and proxy node routing [4] schemes
Summary
The process of minimizing the traceability and observability of a source node by an adversary in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is denoted as source location privacy (SLP) protection. The recently proposed SLP routing schemes in [3] and [4] have high energy consumption especially for source nodes located near the sink node. To address the performance issues of the schemes in [3] and [4], we design a new routing algorithm to provide strong SLP protection and minimize the energy consumption in the near-sink region. The objectives of the study are to: (1) modify the routing schemes in [3] and [4] by exploiting the proposed path node offset angle routing algorithm, (2) design the modified schemes to minimize the energy consumption for source nodes in the near-sink region and avert the energy-hole problem, and (3) evaluate the performance of the modified schemes to demonstrate their superiority over the existing schemes.
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