Abstract
BackgroundIn the past few decades, swimming became one of the most important physical activities within the health system and is considered a practical nonpharmacological approach to managing of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), hyperlipidemia, hypertension (HTN), and obesity. The current study aimed to assess the effect of long-term swimming sessions on glycemic and lipidemic parameters, hemodynamic responses, body fat percent, and body mass index for patients with metabolic risk factors from Palestine.MethodsForty participants from both genders with T2DM and HTN (aged 52.4 ± 5.5 yrs) agreed to participate in this quasi-experimental study and were divided into two groups. The first group included the participants who performed long-term swimming sessions and the second group served as the control. The first group exercised for 2 h, 3 times/week in 29–33 °C swimming pool temperature for 16 weeks. Simultaneously, the control group did not participate in any exercise and advised them to keep on with their everyday lifestyle. All the obtained metabolic syndrome risk factors data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA analysis of variance (2*2) which was applied to determine the differences according group, time, and interaction.ResultsThe results showed that there were statistically significant differences at p < 0.05 in the variables of Total Cholesterol (TC), High Density of Lipoprotein (HDL), Low Density of Lipoprotein (LDL), Triglycerides (TG), Blood Glucose (BG), Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP), Body Mass Index (BMI), and body fat percent according to group, time, and interaction for the experimental group.ConclusionsThe findings of the current study suggested that the regular 16 weeks of swimming sessions could be considered nonpharmacological approaches in managing T2DM and HTN.
Highlights
In the past few decades, swimming became one of the most important physical activities within the health system and is considered a practical nonpharmacological approach to managing of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), hyperlipidemia, hypertension (HTN), and obesity
Concerning the comparison between pre- and post-tests, the findings of the present study showed that there were statistically significant differences at p < 0.05 in all of the variables (TC, High Density of Lipoprotein (HDL), Low Density of Lipoprotein (LDL), TG, Body Mass Index (BMI), body fat percent, Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)) in favor of posttests in the experimental group
The values of posttest for the variables (TC, LDL, TG, BMI, body fat percent, Blood Glucose (BG), SBP and DBP) among patients were significantly the lowest in comparison with these values of pretest for patients in both groups and in the post test for patients, as the effects size of partial eta squared were 35, 32.8, 49.4, 15.1, 20.6, 21.7, 16.7 and 16.5%, respectively. These results indicate that the participating in swimming sessions regularly has positive impact on the biochemical variables for the experimental group according to Total Cholesterol (TC), HDL, LDL, TG, BG, BMI, and body fat percent tests
Summary
In the past few decades, swimming became one of the most important physical activities within the health system and is considered a practical nonpharmacological approach to managing of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), hyperlipidemia, hypertension (HTN), and obesity. Long-lasting hyperglycemia has been associated with harmful damages, dysfunction, Hypertension (HTN) is another chronic metabolic disorder, characterized by the elevation of systolic and/or. Despite the severity of HTN, which can cause premature death worldwide, about 20% of patients with this disease keep it under control [6]. Another metabolic disease that is threatening humanity is hyperlipidemia, in which lipids, fibrous plaques, calcium, and cholesterol can accumulate on the walls of the blood vessels. If arteries that supply the heart with blood are affected, this accumulation can narrow the blood vessel and reduce blood flow and oxygen to the heart’s muscle, which can cause angina pectoris [7]. If the fatty matters build up in the brain arteries, that can lead to stroke if a blood clot blocks blood flow in the cervical circulation [8]
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