Abstract
We present a novel concept for in vivo sensing of glucose using metamaterials in combination with automatic learning systems. In detail, we use the plasmonic analogue of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) as sensor and evaluate the acquired data with support vector machines. The metamaterial can be integrated into a contact lens. This sensor changes its optical properties such as reflectivity upon the ambient glucose concentration, which allows for in situ measurements in the eye. We demonstrate that estimation errors below 2% at physiological concentrations are possible using simulations of the optical properties of the metamaterial in combination with an appropriate electrical circuitry and signal processing scheme. In the future, functionalization of our sensor with hydrogel will allow for a glucose-specific detection which is insensitive to other tear liquid substances providing both excellent selectivity and sensitivity.
Highlights
Diabetes is the direct cause of over 1.1 million deaths in 2005, and the diabetes death rate is estimated to double by 2030
The readout is carried out by an external light-emitting diode (LED) in the infrared which is used as light source, and the reflected light is captured by a photodiode whose intensity response is evaluated
Signal postprocessing stages based on regression methods allow the reliable estimation of the tear glucose content
Summary
Diabetes is the direct cause of over 1.1 million deaths in 2005, and the diabetes death rate is estimated to double by 2030. The World Health Organization (WHO) indicates in [1] that nowadays more than 220 million people have to live with diabetes. Current practice for diabetes management relies on intensive insulin therapy involving frequent blood glucose measurements. Using invasive glucose sensors means that patients have to prick their finger for a drop of blood multiple times a day, about 1800 times per year, which involves higher risk of infection. For these reasons, in the last decades new techniques have been employed to develop noninvasive devices for blood glucose monitoring
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