Abstract
The human apolipoprotein ε4 allele (APOE4) has been implicated as one of the strongest genetic risk factors associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and in influencing normal cognitive functioning. Previous studies have demonstrated that mice expressing human apoE4 display deficits in behavioral and neurophysiological outcomes compared to those with apoE3. Ovarian hormones have also been shown to be important in modulating synaptic processes underlying cognitive function, yet little is known about how their effects are influenced by apoE. In the current study, female adult human APOE targeted replacement (TR) mice were utilized to examine the effects of human APOE genotype and long-term ovarian hormone loss on synaptic plasticity in limbic regions by measuring dendritic spine density and electrophysiological function. No significant genotype differences were observed on any outcomes within intact mice. However, there was a significant main effect of genotype on total spine density in apical dendrites in the hippocampus, with post-hoc t-tests revealing a significant reduction in spine density in apoE3 ovariectomized (OVX) mice compared to sham operated mice. There was also a significant main effect of OVX on the magnitude of LTP, with post-hoc t-tests revealing a decrease in apoE3 OVX mice relative to sham. In contrast, apoE4 OVX mice showed increased synaptic activity relative to sham. In the lateral amygdala, there was a significant increase in total spine density in apoE4 OVX mice relative to sham. This increase in spine density was consistent with a significant increase in spontaneous excitatory activity in apoE4 OVX mice. These findings suggest that ovarian hormones differentially modulate synaptic integrity in an apoE-dependent manner within brain regions that are susceptible to neurophysiological dysfunction associated with AD.
Highlights
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a cognitive disorder that causes progressive loss of memory and intellectual abilities
In sham-operated females, analysis was performed at the proestrus stage of the estrous cycle
The data presented revealed significant regionally specific genotype-dependent effects in ovariectomized mice, with apoE4 mice displaying an overall increase in excitatory neurotransmission
Summary
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a cognitive disorder that causes progressive loss of memory and intellectual abilities It is the most common cause of dementia in individuals over the age of 60. Of the three possible human alleles of the APOE gene (e2, e3 and e4), the e4 allele encodes for a protein that is associated with increased risk of the disease [4,5]. This cholesterol and lipid transport protein is known to play a critical role in brain development by modulating neuronal growth, maintenance, repair, and protection [6]. The e2 allele is associated with a lower risk [8]
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