Regional Scale Modelling of Pharmaceutical Pollution in Rivers by Integrating Rural and Urban Sources

Abstract

Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) can threaten aquatic ecosystems and human health. Both rural and urban areas are main sources of CECs to the environment. In rural areas, veterinary pharmaceuticals (VPs) are used to prevent diseases and protect the health of farm animals. The excrements of medicated animals are spread as manure to agricultural lands, where, after rainfall, VPs can be mobilized and reach surface waters through runoff. In urban areas, pharmaceuticals excreted by humans are collected in sewage systems and are only partially removed in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Eventually, pharmaceuticals can reach surface waters through discharge of WWTP effluent. Currently, most of the predictive models only consider one source type, e.g. WWTPs or agricultural land. This limits their prediction performance since many CECs are being emitted by multiple source types. Therefore, the aim of this study is to integrate urban and rural sources of CECs in one regional water quality assessment.Here, we predicted the concentration of CECs in the Eem river basin, the Netherlands, given land-use data combined with hydrological modeling. This allows for integrated evaluation of rural and urban emissions. These emissions were predicted with models developed within the context of the SUSPECt project (https://cec-partnership.nl/web/index.php/projects/suspect). CECs exposures were predicted with the Dutch National Water Quality Model where WWTPs emissions were included as point sources and rural emissions as diffuse sources. The temporal resolution of the model hydrology is seasonal. This is key to analyze the temporal variation of concentration due to manuring of agricultural lands which mainly occurs in Spring.Predicted concentrations were successfully compared to measured concentrations taken in the SUSPECt project and from the database of the KIWK project (www.kennisimpulswaterkwaliteit.nl) for 6 compounds: carbamazepine and fipronil (only urban sources) and trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, permethrin and dexamethasone (urban and rural sources).