Regional relative tectonic activity of structures in the Pampean flat slab segment of Argentina from 30 to 32°S

Abstract

The Pampean flat slab segment of the Central Andes in Argentina is a broad, active deformation zone subject to both plate boundary-related and intraplate deformation. To the west, plate boundary-related deformation is dominated by thin-skinned fold-and-thrusts of the Precordillera, while to the east, intraplate deformation involves thick-skinned reverse faults of the Sierras Pampeanas. GPS data and absolute dating of displaced geomorphic features suggest that most of the active permanent deformation occurs between these two regions at the Andean orogenic front and that there is a west-to-east trend of decreasing shortening rates. However, GPS stations and sites with geomorphic slip rate measurements are currently too sparse and cover too short a time period to make reliable inferences about the longer-term distribution and relative rates of deformation. Mountain range-scale geomorphic indices, on the other hand, reflect tectonic activity since at least the Pleistocene. In this study, we measured geomorphic indices (hypsometric integral and curves, basin elongation ratio, basin volume-to-area-ratio, valley floor width-to-height ratio, mountain front sinuosity, and normalized steepness indices of rivers) from 10 different N-S striking, range-bounding faults that span both the Precordillera and Sierras Pampeanas regions from west to east. We use these data to assess the regional relative tectonic activity of major Quaternary deformation features in the Pampean segment of the Central Andes. Even when variations in climate and geology are considered, mean values for each geomorphic index suggests uplift rates for the 10 mountain-range bounding faults display local trends that are closely associated with the structural style and tectonic evolution of these structures. Although vertical uplift rates vary little, horizontal shortening rates are higher for the Precordillera fold-and-thrusts in the west than the thick-skinned reverse faults of the Sierras Pampeanas in the east, due to shallower fault dips for Precordilleran structures. The similarity with decadal slip rate gradients from GPS studies could possibly indicate that the stress-field has been constant since at least the Pleistocene, but further slip rate studies over broader time intervals in the late Quaternary are necessary to confirm this. Variations observed in relative uplift rates along each fault point to sites that warrant further detailed study of slip rates and evaluation of associated seismic hazards.