Abstract
Across Europe, cities are struggling to cope with the loss of industrial jobs; decay of urban infrastructure; in-migration (most often from poorer regions); outward sprawl pressures; traffic congestion and transport bottlenecks. The environmental consequences of continuing urban development are deeply threatening to the survival of both city and countryside. Growing anti-immigrant sentiments, sluggish growth and intense inequality provoke a level of disaffection and marginalisation that threaten social cohesion, with highly divisive consequences. This article, based on a ten year study of seven European cities, argues that recovery is under way in ex-industrial cities with major reinvestment from national and European funds. Transformative deals and innovations have created new jobs and led to population regrowth after years of decline. There are hopeful signs that in different parts of Europe–North, South, East and West–a new phase of growth in core cities is emerging, based on university-civic business partnerships; reuse and remodelling of existing, devalued infrastructure; reinvestment and expansion of rail and water networks; the growth in advanced manufacturing; reduced energy use and the spread of renewable energy; innovative research and technology; city centre and neighbourhood restoration and integration. Europe’s former industrial cities are part of much bigger metropolitan areas or city regions and some benefits are spreading out from core cities to more peripheral areas, although this is often swamped by poverty and unemployment, skills mismatch and inadequate reinvestment. A complex patchwork of changes is driven by a new kind of city leadership; growing collaboration between the core and periphery of cities; central government and Europe-wide concern both to devolve more powers and reduce dependence on central funds; regional devolution and metropolitan level programmes–particularly in areas of skills, research and development, infrastructure, and umbrella services backed with cash and political enthusiasm. Cities are recovering across the world’s most urban continent by combining reuse and new inventions, which deliver more sustainable economies.
Highlights
Europe is the world’s most urban continent
If we look across different European countries at cities that became powerful and wealthy through their industry, we see patterns of economic growth and environmental exploitation, social progress and extreme hardship, intense wealth creation and dire poverty, followed by rapid decline, severe population and job losses, high unemployment, deep decay, and loss of purpose
We investigated seven case study cities across Europe intensively over a long-term period, using primary research methods: evidence from European Union, national and local sources; frequent research visits to all the cities; communication in local languages to ensure depth and clarity; verifying local, direct evidence using wider statistical evidence
Summary
Europe is the world’s most urban continent. Did its diverse people become majority urban before any other major continent; it industrialised earlier, became richer, colonised further afield, and fought more and bloodier wars than any other continent (Times Books, 1990). It became overwhelmingly urban before any other European country (Halsey, 1988; Briggs, 1983). It was the first to industrialise and it grew on the back of extensive trial and error that created widespread damage to Britain’s social and environmental conditions and generated innovative urban management (Briggs, 1968). This model of growth spread rapidly across Europe and America
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
