Abstract
breakthroughs in our understanding of the immune system and the pathophysiology of end stage organ disease. Conceptually organ transplantation has an ancient past, with accounts of saints, healers, and Gods performing transplantation of limbs and organs between individuals. In the 1930’s the French-American surgeon-scientist Alexis Carrel carried out a series of important experiments that were breathtaking in their scope and impact, in which various organs such as the kidney, heart, thyroid, and limbs of animals were transplanted (1). These transplants functioned for a period of time and demonstrated the technical feasibility of transplantation in general and vascular anastomotic technique in particular (2). Carrel would go on to perform many transplants between animals and within the same animal. Without exception organs
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