Abstract
Evapotranspiration (ET) is an essential part of the hydrological cycle and accurately estimating it plays a crucial role in water resource management. Surface energy balance (SEB) models are widely used to estimate regional ET with remote sensing. The presence of horizontal advection, however, perturbs the surface energy balance system and contributes to the uncertainty of energy influxes. Thus, it is vital to consider horizontal advection when applying SEB models to estimate ET. This study proposes an innovative and simplified approach, the surface energy balance-advection (SEB-A) method, which is based on the energy balance theory and also takes into account the horizontal advection to determine ET by remote sensing. The SEB-A method considers that the actual ET consists of two parts: the local ET that is regulated by the energy balance system and the exotic ET that arises from horizontal advection. To evaluate the SEB-A method, it was applied to the middle region of the Heihe River in China. Instantaneous ET for three days were acquired and assessed with ET measurements from eddy covariance (EC) systems. The results demonstrated that the ET estimates had a high accuracy, with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.713, a mean average error (MAE) of 39.3 W/m2 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 54.6 W/m2 between the estimates and corresponding measurements. Percent error was calculated to more rigorously assess the accuracy of these estimates, and it ranged from 0% to 35%, with over 80% of the locations within a 20% error. To better understand the SEB-A method, the relationship between the ET estimates and land use types was analyzed, and the results indicated that the ET estimates had spatial distributions that correlated with vegetation patterns and could well demonstrate the ET differences caused by different land use types. The sensitivity analysis suggested that the SEB-A method requested accurate estimation of the available energy, R n − G , but was less constrained with the difference between ground and air temperature, T 0 − T a – l o c .
Highlights
Evapotranspiration (ET), which is a combined process of evaporation and transpiration, is crucial to the hydrological cycle
The objective of this paper is to propose an innovative method, the surface energy balance-advection (SEB-A) method, which is based on the energy balance equation and considers the horizontal advection as well to derive ET
The advantage of the Surface energy balance (SEB)-A method is that it simplifies the ET process and regards the ET as regulated by two different driving forces: the local driving force and the exotic driving force
Summary
Evapotranspiration (ET), which is a combined process of evaporation and transpiration, is crucial to the hydrological cycle. It links energy and water exchanges among the hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere [1,2,3,4,5]. The accurate quantification of ET is critical to developing a greater understanding of local and global energy and water cycles, global climate change, land atmosphere interactions and ecosystem processes, and beneficial to improving applications in many fields, such as water resources management, drought monitoring and assessment [7], irrigation scheduling, hydrological modeling, weather forecasts and so on [8,9,10,11,12,13]. The employment of instrumentations is always time consuming, labor intensive and sometimes subject to instrument failure [9]
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