Abstract
This study examines regional disparities in the association between cereal consumption and metabolic syndrome (MetS) among Chinese adults. We used data from the longitudinal China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) for 2892 healthy adults aged 18–75 years (1088 in northern China, 1804 in southern China) who had no non-communicable chronic diseases or MetS at the initial visit in 2009 and the follow-up in 2015. We used a 74-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to assess the dietary intake. We defined MetS according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. Multiple logistic regressions stratified by region were performed to estimate the association between cereal consumption and the risk of MetS, and the quantile regression analyzed the relationship between cereal consumption and individual components of MetS in 2015. The rice consumption in southern China (9.00 kg/month) was more than twice that in northern China (3.60 kg/month). Consumption of wheat and wheat products in northern China (4.20 kg/month) was more than twice that in southern China (1.50 kg/month). After we adjusted for potential confounders, rice consumption was inversely associated with a risk of MetS 0.709 (95% CI: 0.458–1.003), the intake of wheat and wheat products was positively associated with a risk of MetS 1.925 (95% CI: 1.292–2.867) in southern China. We found no association between the intake of cereal and the prevalence of MetS in northern China. The quantile regression showed that various cereals were differentially associated with the components of MetS. The association between cereal consumption and the risk of MetS, and the components of MetS varied across these two regions of China.
Highlights
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of disease burdens and deaths globally [1,2].In 2015, an estimated 290 million people had CVDs, and it is the number one cause of mortality inChina, accounting for more than 40% of all deaths [3]
The Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities that have been associated with an increased risk of developing CVDs and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) [4,5], along with central obesity, increased blood pressure (BP), increased fasting plasma glucose (FPG), increased triglycerides (TG), and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)
We excluded people diagnosed with hypertension, diabetes, cancer or who had MetS in the 2009 wave; pregnant and lactating women; and people with missing diet, BP, waist circumference (WC), or fasting blood data in 2009 or 2015
Summary
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of disease burdens and deaths globally [1,2].In 2015, an estimated 290 million people had CVDs, and it is the number one cause of mortality inChina, accounting for more than 40% of all deaths [3]. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of disease burdens and deaths globally [1,2]. In 2015, an estimated 290 million people had CVDs, and it is the number one cause of mortality in. China, accounting for more than 40% of all deaths [3]. The prevalence of MetS has increased dramatically and has become a serious public health problem in China and worldwide. Based on the findings from the China National Health and Nutrition. Various studies have focused on the relationship between cereal consumption and the prevalence of MetS. The literature on rice intake is mixed, with some studies finding a positive relationship [7,8], some no relationship [9,10,11,12,13], and some an inverse relationship [14,15]. In the Japanese population, Nutrients 2019, 11, 764; doi:10.3390/nu11040764 www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients
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