Regional differences in left ventricular response to atrial pacing in the dog: Mapping of segmental function by two-dimensional echocardiography

Abstract

Two-dimensional echocardiography was applied in 10 closed-chest dogs to evaluate, in several left ventricular (LV) short-axis cross sections and subsegments, the regional contractile response to right atrial pacing. Compared with sinus rhythm (81 ± 10 beats/min), which exhibited a moderate 7.2 ± 12.0% (mean ± standard deviation) base-to-apex increment in function, this gradient was significantly augmented to 34 ± 12% by pacing at a heart rate of 180 beats/min. Measurements of wall thickening and perimeter shortening exhibited similar trends. Differences also were observed in subsegments of individual cross sections: in sinus rhythm the base-to-apex difference in function was relatively minor in the anterior and lateral aspects of the left ventricle (−9.1 ± 18% and −1.9 ± 19%), whereas a significant increase was noted in posterior and midseptal zones (18 ± 17% and 22 ± 30%). In response to pacing, the anterior and lateral wall base-to-apex gradients were significantly augmented (25 ± 8% and 35 ± 34%), but there was no further change in the posterior or septal regions. In conclusion, apical regions of the canine left ventricle responded to right atrial pacing with significant augmentation of contractile function, whereas more basal levels showed little response. Circumferentially, response to atrial pacing was most pronounced in the anterior and lateral segments.