Abstract
With the growth in Internet and digital technology, Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) and Telemedicine have become buzzwords in healthcare. A large number of medical images and information is shared through a public network in these applications. This paper proposes a region-based hybrid Medical Image Watermarking (MIW) scheme to ensure the authenticity, authorization, integrity, and confidentiality of the medical images transmitted through a public network in IoMT. In the proposed scheme, medical images are partitioned into Region of Interest (RoI) and Region of Non-Interest (RoNI). To ascertain integrity of RoI, tamper detection and recovery bits are embedded in RoI in the medical image. RoI is watermarked using adaptive Least Significant Bit (LSB) substitution with respect to the hiding capacity map for higher RoI imperceptibility and accuracy in tamper detection and recovery. Electronic Patient Record (EPR) is compressed using Huffman coding and encrypted using a pseudo-random key (secret key) to provide higher confidentiality and payload. QR code of hospital logo, Encrypted EPR, and RoI recovery bits are interleaved in RoNI using Discrete Wavelet Transform-Singular Value Decomposition (DWT-SVD) hybrid transforms to achieve a robust watermark. The proposed scheme is tested under various geometric and non-geometric attacks such as filtering, compression, rotation, salt and pepper noise and shearing. The evaluation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme has high imperceptibility, robustness, security, payload, tamper detection, and recovery accuracy under image processing attacks. Therefore, the proposed scheme can be used in the transmission of medical images and EPR in IoMT. Relevance of the proposed scheme is established by its superior performance in comparison to some of the popular existing schemes.
Highlights
In this internet era, medical images and patient information is widely transmitted through a public transmission channel in Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) applications
This paper proposes a region-based hybrid Medical Image Watermarking (MIW) scheme using hybrid domain watermark techniques for higher imperceptibility, security, tamper detection/recovery accuracy, and authentication, even under intentional/unintentional attacks
Grayscale and color cover images (512 × 512) of various modalities have been taken from OPENi [55], USC-SIPI [56], Kaggle [57], [58] and STARE [59] dataset as shown in Figure 15 and Figure 17
Summary
Medical images and patient information is widely transmitted through a public transmission channel in Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) applications. P. Singh et al.: Region-Based Hybrid Medical Image Watermarking Scheme for Robust and Secured Transmission in IoMT. Watermark can be extracted from RoNI to track ownership (authenticity), tamper detection/recovery (integrity), authorization, and confidentiality of the information when it is needed [5]. Frequency or hybrid domain [6] MIW techniques can be used to insert authentication information into the host medical image. Frequency domain watermarking techniques show higher robustness, can be used to embed authentication and patient information in RoNI [8]. This paper proposes a region-based hybrid MIW scheme using hybrid domain watermark techniques for higher imperceptibility, security, tamper detection/recovery accuracy, and authentication, even under intentional/unintentional attacks. The proposed scheme ensures authenticity, authorization, integrity, and confidentially of the medical data.
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