Regenerative Potential of Various Soft Polymeric Scaffolds in the Temporomandibular Joint Condyle

Abstract

Biodegradable polymeric scaffolds have been used for tissue engineering approaches and can be used to regenerate temporomandibular joint (TMJ) tissues. Synthetic acellular polymeric poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) scaffolds and natural scaffolds made from gelatin are polymeric scaffold sponges that could provide a substrate for cell infiltration and remodeling. The authors studied the regenerative potential of these 2 scaffolds in addition to a bioactive signal, magnesium (Mg), in a novel fibrocartilage defect model in the goat mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC). Furthermore, in a departure from the pig model, the authors have started to develop the goat as a repeatable surgical model with easy access into the joint space in skeletally mature animals. Bilateral osteochondral defects were created in the mandibular condyle of mature female Spanish Boer goats. A 1-mm diameter drill was used to create a trough defect on the articular surface. Four groups were evaluated: 1) an empty control without an implant, 2) PGS with Mg ions, 3) gelatin with Mg ions, and 4) gelatin with Mg ions and trimagnesium phosphate (TMP) powder. Goats were allowed to heal for 3months, and then the tissues were harvested. The empty control group showed a thin fibrous layer growing within the defect. The PGS and gelatin sponge groups showed a cartilage layer with glycosaminoglycan and collagen type II and robust regeneration of the fibrous layer as exhibited by cell infiltration and collagen in the defect. TMP in the gelatin did not degrade and seemed to hamper healing. These results suggest that synthetic and natural sponges can provide a template for new tissue growth in the MCC of the TMJ. Furthermore, this study is the first to attempt to develop the goat as an invivo TMJ tissue regeneration model.