Abstract
Atmospheric refraction due to temperature and wind variations with altitude can produce large changes in sound level from day to day and during the course of a day. Scientific studies performed during the day in low wind conditions may not be representative of average conditions. This paper will review empirical and theoretical studies of the effects of meteorological variables on sound propagation. The results and applicability of empirical studies will be discussed with the aim of identifying data sets useful for estimating refractive effects. Theoretical solutions for specific and general sound velocity profiles will also be covered. Examples from the literature will be used to illustrate the concepts.
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