Abstract
Reflection on UN missions since'an age of innocence' (1940s to 1970s) to the present day indicates that increasing attacks on UN troops have damaged the concept of'consent operations', though these often helped to calm fragile situations. Verification inspections also contributed to stability, and lessons relevant to the present day have been learned. However, a watershed for peacekeeping was crossed after 1978 when UNIFIL was attacked. Since then, adaptation to enforcement has been hesitant and uncertain and can generate tension between small countries (that need the UN's success) and powerful states that claim prerogatives in enforcement operations. Nevertheless, with the end of the Cold War new requirements for complex operations arose. Experience has been gained and progress made over the years, not least in the study of, and debate about, peace support operations.
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