Abstract
The current paper presents a new measure of trait resilience derived from three common mechanisms identified in ecological theory: Engineering, Ecological and Adaptive (EEA) resilience. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of five existing resilience scales suggest that the three trait resilience facets emerge, and can be reduced to a 12-item scale. The conceptualization and value of EEA resilience within the wider trait and well-being psychology is illustrated in terms of differing relationships with adaptive expressions of the traits of the five-factor personality model and the contribution to well-being after controlling for personality and coping, or over time. The current findings suggest that EEA resilience is a useful and parsimonious model and measure of trait resilience that can readily be placed within wider trait psychology and that is found to contribute to individual well-being.
Highlights
IntroductionStudies have tended to operationalize psychological resilience in one of two ways: either (1) as part of a process or state (i.e. the buffering approach [1,2,3,4]), or (2) as a trait (e.g. [5,6])
In the wider literature, studies have tended to operationalize psychological resilience in one of two ways: either (1) as part of a process or state, or (2) as a trait (e.g. [5,6])
To assess goodness of fit, we report the relative chi-square (CMIN/DF) alongside the chi-square and degrees of freedom, the goodness of fit index (GFI), comparative fit index (CFI), non-normed fit index (NNFI), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), and standardized root mean square residual (SRMR), on the recommendations of Hoyle [87], Hu and Bentler [88], and Kline [89]
Summary
Studies have tended to operationalize psychological resilience in one of two ways: either (1) as part of a process or state (i.e. the buffering approach [1,2,3,4]), or (2) as a trait (e.g. [5,6]). Studies have tended to operationalize psychological resilience in one of two ways: either (1) as part of a process or state (i.e. the buffering approach [1,2,3,4]), or (2) as a trait Whilst the buffering approach is well-operationalized [1], there is much less consensus about what constitutes trait resilience. The measures were drawn from a wide variety of theoretical and empirical contexts, including hardiness, adaptive coping and protective factors, PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0131826 July 1, 2015
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